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Anatomy and Terminology > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three phases of the immune system?

A
  • Barrier defence
  • Innate immune response
  • Adaptive immune response
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2
Q

Describe the barrier defences of the immune system?

A
  • skin and mucous membranes
  • immediate prevention of invasion of body tissues
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3
Q

Describe the innate immune response?

A

Rapid and non specific

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4
Q

Describe the adaptive immune response?

A

Slower and specific = effective

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5
Q

What are the three classes of immune cells?

A
  • Phagocytic cells
  • Lymphocytes
  • Cytoplasmic granules
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6
Q

Describe each of the three classes of immune cells?

A
  • Phagocytic: Ingest pathogens by phagocytosis
  • Lymphocytes : Coordinate activities of the adaptive immunity
  • Cytoplasmic granules : mediate immune response against parasites, viruses (intracellular pathogens)
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7
Q

What are the primary cells of the adaptive immune response?

A
  • Bcells
  • Plasma cells
  • Tcells
  • Natural killer cells (NK)
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8
Q

What is an antibody?

A

Group of proteins that bind specifically to pathogen associated molecules (antigens)

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9
Q

What are antigens?

A

Chemical structures present on the surface of pathogens that bind to B/Tcell antigen receptors

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10
Q

Where are B-cells produced and matured?

A

Bone marrow + Red bone marrow

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11
Q

Where are T-cells produced and matured ?

A

Bone marrow + thymus

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12
Q

What is the B-cells response to antigen?

A

Secretes antibodies and It differentiates in to plasma cells in order to secrete soluble forms of surface antibodies.

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13
Q

What are plasma cells?

A

Activated B-cells with additional protein synthesizing machinery.

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14
Q

What is the T-cell response to antigens?

A

Doesn’t secrete antibodies
either communicates with other cells (T-Helper) using soluble factors or destroys the infected cells (cytotoxic)

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15
Q

What are natural killer cells?

A

Contain cytotoxic granules in their cytoplasm
first line of defence against viruses + cancer

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16
Q

What are the primary lymphoid organs?

A
  • Bone Marrow
  • Thymus
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17
Q

What are the secondary lymphoid organs?

A
  • Lymph node
  • Spleen
  • Lymphoid nodulesv
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18
Q

What is the function of bone marrow?

A

Red: hematopoiesis
yellow: energy storage
production of B/T cells (immature)

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19
Q

What is the function of the thymus?

A

Maturation of T-cells , self vs non self development

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20
Q

What is the function of lymph nodes?

A

remove debris and pathogens from lymph
site adaptive immune response

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21
Q

Describe the structure of lymph nodes?

A

-Tough capsule of connective tissue
- sep by trabeculae
- germinal center

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22
Q

What is the germinal centre?

A

Rapid dividing B-cells surrounded by T-cells and accessory cells.

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23
Q

What is the function of the spleen?

A

remove microbes and more from blood
immune response location for blood borne pathogens

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24
Q

Describe the structure of the spleen?

A
  • Divided by trabeculae
  • red pulp
  • white pulp
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25
Q

How does lymph flow through the spleen?

A

Enters from capillaries, collects in the venous sinuses and leaves through the splenic vein

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26
Q

What is red pulp and what is the purpose of red pulp?

A

Reticular fibres with fixed macrophages and lymphocytes
- filters blood using nonspecific immune response

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27
Q

What is white pulp and what is the purpose of white pulp?

A

(resemble lymphoid follicles)
- surround arterioles (central)
- has a germinal center
- adaptive immune response in the spleen

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28
Q

What are lymphoid nodules?

A

dense clusters of lymphocytes w/o capsule

29
Q

where are lymphoid nodules located?

A

respiratory and digestive tracts (areas routinely exposed to pathogens)

30
Q

Where are palatine tonsil located?

A
  • inner surface of pharynx
31
Q

what is the function of the tonsils?

A

develop immunity to oral pathogens

32
Q

What is the unique structure of the palatine tonsil?

A

Contains invaginations of its epithelial layer called crypts which encourages accumulation/ trapping of pathogens

33
Q

Where are adenoid (pharyngeal tonsils) located?

A

roof of the posterior superior wall of the nasopharynx

34
Q

What is MALT ?

A

Mucosal associated lymphoid tissue, located in the underlying mucosal of the GI tract, breast tissue, lungs and eyes.

func: Immune response to ingested pathogens

35
Q

What is BALT?

A

Bronchus associated lymphoid tissue, are lymphoid follicular structures within the respiratory tract which respond to pathogens inhaled.

36
Q

What is an Epitope?

A

Portion of an antigen that immune response mounts to, can have multiple.

37
Q

What is the sequence in defence?

A

1 - Innate immunity (physical barriers)
2 - Innate immunity (internal defences)
3 - Adaptive immunity

38
Q

Which cells are responsible for antibody mediated immunity?

A

B-cells

39
Q

Which cells are responsible for cell mediated immunity?

A

T-cells

40
Q

What are self antigens?

A

Present on own cells as glycoproteins and glycolipids
healthy cells present MHC 1 and self antigens.

41
Q

What are the two differentiations of T-cells

A

CD 8+ Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes
CD 4+ T-helper cells

42
Q

How are lymphocytes activated?

A

Signal 1 - Antigen binds to antigen receptor
Signal 2 - Molecule of infected cell or the microbe binds to second receptor
Activation causes cloning of the cells which multiply specific receptors present on said antigen.

43
Q

How do B-cells develop

A

Pre B-cell develop in yolk sac + fetal liver
Post birth = bone marrow
Naive Bcells activate trigger mitotic division
= clones to be effectors / plasma cells
= clones to remain in lymphatic tissue (memory)

44
Q

What are the components of the antibody molecule?

A
  • Light chains
  • Heavy chains
  • Antigen binding sites
  • Complement binding sites
45
Q

What are the classes of antibodies?

A

Immunoglobulin M,G,A

+E,D

46
Q

What are the functions of antibodies?

A
  • Distinguish self from non self
  • Recognition: epitope fits on antigen binding site
  • alter the shape antigen molecules to expose complement.
47
Q

What occurs when epitopes bind to antigen binding sites?

A
  • Toxic antigens are transformed into harmless substances
  • agglutination for faster disposal (phagocytes)
48
Q

Define chemotaxis?

A

Increase in neutrophils ability to move through circulation.

49
Q

What is complement and what does it do?

A

Component of blood plasma that is activated when antibodies bind to antigen and exposes the complement binding site. causing a cascade in events leading to enzymatic functions.

MAC is a result of this.

50
Q

Define MAC and what it does?

A

Membrane attack complexe

forms a pore on the pathogen causing ions of water to rush into the cell and causes cytolysis

51
Q

Describe the antibody response time?

A
  • IgM is released first in the early stages followed by IgG
  • First response is slow and less reactive
  • second response is quicker and results in high concentration of IgG.
52
Q

How are T-cells developed ?

A

Pre T-cell are developed in the thymus into thymocytes
which go to t dependant zone (spleen + lymph nodes)

53
Q

How are T-cell activated?

A

Require antigen to be presented to them via MHC 2 receptors and foreign antigen.

54
Q

What are the differentiations of T-cells?

A

Effector T-cells : attack
memory T-cell : stay in bone marrow to produce more effector cells when needed. (memory)

55
Q

What is the function of CD8+?

A

release lymphotoxins

56
Q

What is the function of CD4+?

A

Regulate the function of Bcells, Tcells, phagocytes, other leukocytes.

57
Q

What is the function of suppressor T-cells?

A

Suppress lymphocyte function to regulate immunity and self tolerance.

58
Q

What are the stages of the adaptive immune response?

A
  1. recognition phase
  2. activation phase
  3. effector phase
  4. Homeostasis (decline)
  5. Memory
59
Q

What are the defences of innate immunity?

A
  • External barriers (skin + mucosal membrane)
  • Internal defences (phagocytes, antimicrobial proteins, attack cells)
60
Q

What are the peptides found in the skin and what is their function?

A

Defensins - protect inflamed skin from infection

61
Q

what are examples of internal defences?

A
  • fever
  • chemical signals
  • inflammation
62
Q

What are phagocytes?

A

WBC that eat pathogens

63
Q

What does a neutrophil do?

A
  • consumes pathogens and selfs destructs
  • makes pus
64
Q

What are macrophages and what do they do?

A

Derived from monocytes, they can be free to patrol or fixed on fibres of an organ. Do not self destruct, (eat-digest-spit)

65
Q

What are NK cells?

A

WBC in the blood and lymph that can kill cells infected with viruses or cancerous.

66
Q

How does NK cells kill cells?

A

They perforate the cell with an enzyme which triggers apoptosis in the cell.

67
Q

What are the stages of inflammatory response to an injury.

A
  1. Inflammation following injury, “fire alarm”
  2. Triggers mast cells (connective tissue) to release histamine molecules to call “alert” problem.
  3. Histamine = vasodilation, swelling, coagulation of vessels prev loss. allows for neutrophils and monocytes to get to location.
    ** Monocyte - to macrophage **
  4. Fight off infection by phagocytosis
68
Q

What happens when lymphocytes are out numbered?

A
  • Macrophages and release chemical signal to hypothalamus to stimulate increase in temperature (fever) to kill of pathogens

Anatomy and Terminology (10 decks)

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