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Anatomy and Terminology > Digestive system > Flashcards

Digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the digestive system ?

A
  • break down the foods you eat,
  • release their nutrients, - absorb those nutrients into the body
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2
Q

What is the function of the alimentary canal?

A

to nourish the body

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3
Q

What are the 4 layers of the alimentary canal?

A
  • Mucosa
  • Submucosa
  • Muscularis
  • Serosa
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4
Q

What is the mucosa layer?

A

-Epithelium
- Lamina propria
-muscularis mucosa
- Responsible for production of mucus

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5
Q

What is the Submucosa layer ?

A

Dense connective tissue
- blood and lymphatic vessels (transport nutrients)
- submucosal glands release digestive secretions

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6
Q

What is the muscularis layer?

A
  • Double layer of smooth muscle (inner = circular layer) (outer = longitudinal layer)
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7
Q

What is the Serosa layer?

A
  • Present only within the abdominal cavity
  • layer of visceral peritoneum and loose connective tissue
  • Holds the alimentary canal in place near the ventral surface of the vertebral column
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8
Q

What is the epithelium in the mouth pharynx, esophagus and anal canal?

A

Non keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium

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9
Q

What is the epithelium in the stomach and the intestines?

A

Simple columnar epithelium

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10
Q

What are accessory cells of the gastrointestinal epithelium ?

A
  • Goblet cells = mucus + fluid in lumen
  • Enteroendocrine cells = hormones into the interstitial space btwn cells
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11
Q

What is the lamina propria and what is its function?

A
  • loose connective tissue with numerous blood and lymphatic vessels
  • Function : Houses cluster of lymphocytes = immune
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12
Q

What are peyer’s patches and what are their function?

A

Lymphocyte clusters in the distal ileum
-function: defence against pathogens in the alimentary canal.

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13
Q

What is the function of the muscalaris externa layer?

A
  • Promote mechanical digestion
  • expose more food to digestive chemical
  • move food along the canal (peristalsis)
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14
Q

What is the peritoneum and what is its function?

A
  • serous membrane sac of squamous epithelial tissue surrounded by connective tissue
  • Holds the digestive organs in place within the abdominal cavity.
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15
Q

What are the two peritoneum layers and what do they line?

A
  • Parietal peritoneum = abdominal wall
  • Visceral peritoneum = envelop abdominal organs
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16
Q

Where does mechanical digestion occur?

A
  • mouth (chewing)
  • Stomach (churring)
  • Small intestine (segmentation)
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16
Q

Where does mechanical digestion occur?

A
  • mouth (chewing)
  • Stomach (churring)
  • Small intestine (segmentation)
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17
Q

What is the difference between peristalsis and segmentation?

A

Peristalsis = Propulsion allowing food to move along the alimentary tract.
Segmentation = contract smooth muscles along the small intestine back and forth

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18
Q

What are the accessory organs and their function?

A
  • Liver : production of bile salts
  • Gallbladder : stores, concentrates and releases bile
  • Pancreas: produces digestive enzymes and bicarbonate = neutralizes chyme
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19
Q

What are gastric pits and their function?

A
  • Are the entry points along the epithelium to gastric glands which secrete complex digestives fluid (gastric juice)
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20
Q

What are the 3 regions of the small intestine?

A
  • Duodenum
  • Jejunum
  • Ileum
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21
Q

What are the three unique features of the mucosa and submucosa layers of the small intestine?

A
  • Circular folds
  • Villi
    -Microvilli
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22
Q

Explain the mechanical digestion that occurs in the small intestine?

A

Called segmentation: separates chyme and pushes it back together to mix it up and provide more time for digestion and absorption.

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23
Q

What is the main focus of digestion in the small intestine?

A

Lipids

Although the small intestine finishes the digestion of proteins and carbs.

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24
Q

What facilitates absorption in the small intestine ?

A

Intestinal juices + pancreatic juices

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25
Q

Where is most of water absorption occuring?

A

Small intestine

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26
Q

Where does enzymatic digestion occur in the small intestines?

A

Lumen and the luminal surfaces of mucosal cells

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26
Q

Where does enzymatic digestion occur in the small intestines?

A

Lumen and the luminal surfaces of mucosal cells

27
Q

What is bacterial flora and what is its role

A
  • Nonpathogenic commensal organisms
  • facilitate chemical digestion and absorption
  • synthesis of certain vitamins (biotin, V.K, pantothenic acid)
28
Q

What is and what is the role of bile?

A

Bile is a mixture secreted by the liver to emulsify large fat droplets in the sm intestine.
-Facilitates the digestion of hydrophobic lipids

29
Q

What is the location of the pancreas?

A
  • In the retroperitoneum behind the stomach
  • nestled in the curvature of the duodenum
  • ends in the hilum of the spleen
30
Q

What is the role of the pancreas?

A
  • production of protein digesting enzymes in their inactive forms (Zymogens)
  • produces amylase, lipase, nucleases all produced in active forms ( they do not attack the pancreas)
31
Q

What is the major duct system for bile ?

A
  • Acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes into the pancreatic ducts
  • Bile is stored concentrated in the gallbladder which share a two way cystic duct with the liver.
32
Q

What are the regions of the two-way cystic dust?

A
  • Common bile duct
  • Common hepatic duct
32
Q

What are the regions of the two-way cystic dust?

A
  • Common bile duct
  • Common hepatic duct
33
Q

Explain the digestion of carbohydrates (starches)?

A
  1. Starts in the mouth with salivary amylase
  2. starches and carbs broken down into smaller fragments by pancreatic amylase
  3. One glucose is broken off at a time by alpha-dextrinase which works on alpha-dextrin.
  4. Surose, lactose and maltose are hydrolyzed by their respective.
34
Q

Explain the digestion of Lipids?

A
  1. Starts a little in the mouth with Lingual lipase
  2. Continues in the stomach with gastric lipase
  3. Lipids are majorly broken down in the small intestine by pancreatic lipase
35
Q

Explain the digestion of proteins?

A
  1. Sarts in the stomach with HCL and pepsin breaking down proteins into smaller polypeptide chains
  2. AA bonds broken down by chymosin and trypsin
  3. pepide chains are broken down even more by aminopeptidase and dipeptidase
36
Q

Explain the digestion of Nucleotides

A
  1. Digestion of DNA and RNA by pancreatic nuclease
  2. nucleotides are broken down by nucleosidase and phosphatase
37
Q

What are the enzymes in the mouth?

A
  • Lingual Lipase
  • Salivary Amylase
38
Q

What are the gastric enzymes?

A
  • Gastric Lipase
  • Pepsin
39
Q

What are the brush boarder enzymes ? (8)

A
  • Alpha dextrinase
  • Enteropeptidase
  • Lactase
  • Maltase
  • Nucleosidases
  • Phosphatase
  • Peptidase (aminopeptidase + Dipeptidase)
  • Sucrase
40
Q

What are the pancreatic enzymes? (7)

A
  • Carboxypeptidase
  • Chymotrypsin
  • Elastase
  • Nucleases (Deoxynuclease + Ribonuclease)
  • pancreatic amylase
  • pancreatic lypase
  • Trypsin
41
Q

Where is Lingual lipase secreted from?

A

Lingual glands

42
Q

What does lingual lipase do?

A
  • Breaks down triglycerides into fatty acids and mono or diglycerides
43
Q

Where is salivary amylase secreted from?

A

Salivary glands

44
Q

What does salivary amylase do?

A

Breaks down polysaccharides into Di or trisaccharides

45
Q

Where is gastric lipase and pepsin secreted from?

A

Produced and secreted from chief cells

46
Q

What does gastric lipase do?

A

breaks down triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides

47
Q

What does pepsin do?

A

Breaks down proteins into peptides

48
Q

Where’s the source of the brush border enzymes?

A

Small intestine

49
Q

What does alpha-dextrin do?

A

Breaks down alpha dextrins into glucose

50
Q

What does enteropeptidase do?

A

Stimulates the activation of Trypsin from trypsinogen

51
Q

What does lactase do?

A

Breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose

52
Q

What does maltase do?

A

Breaks down maltase into glucose

53
Q

What does nucleosidase and phosphatase do?

A

breaks down nucleotides into a phosphate, a nitrogenous base and a pentose sugar

54
Q

what does peptidase do?

A

Aminopeptidase: breaks down peptide chains into amino acids and peptides
Dipeptidase: breaks down peptide chains into amino acids

55
Q

What does sucrase do?

A

Breaks down sucrose into glucose and fructose

56
Q

What is the source of pancreatic enzymes?

A

pancreatic acinar cells

57
Q

What does carboxypeptidase do?

A

Breaks the bond of amino acids at the carboxyl end into an amino acid and a peptide

58
Q

what does chymotrypsin do?

A

Breaks down proteins into peptides

59
Q

What does elastase do?

A

Breaks down proteins into peptides

60
Q

What does nucleases do?

A

Breaks down DNA and RNA into nucleotides

61
Q

what does pancreatic amylase do?

A

Break down polysaccharides into alpha dextrins, maltose and maltotriose

62
Q

What does pancreatic lipase do?

A

breaks down triglycerides that have been emulsified by bile salts into fatty acids and monoacylglycerides

63
Q

what does trypsin do?

A

breaks down proteins into peptides

64
Q

What are the building blocks of major organic compounds?

A

Carbohydrates - monosaccharide
Lipids - Glycerol + fatty acids
Proteins - Amino Acid
Nucleic acids - nucleotide

65
Q

Where does water absorption occur?

A

90% of water is absorbed in the small intestine, remaining is in the colon.

66
Q

How is water reabsorbed?

A
  • The concentration of water is higher in chyme than in the epithelial cells.
  • water moves down concentration gradien.
  • Chyme -to- cells

Anatomy and Terminology (10 decks)

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