Immune System Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 4 biological organisms that cause disease?
A
- viruses
- parasites
- bacteria
- fungus
(-prions) → not a lot known about them
2
Q
What are Viruses?
A
- they are nonliving biological agents that invade cells
- they consist of a nucleic core, containing either DNA or RNA protein coat (Caspid)
- they enter the body via respiratory, digestive, insects, or sexual contact
3
Q
What are Bacteria?
A
- they are classified as living Prokaryotess (no nucleus)
- enter the body through the respiratory system, G I system, urinary system or abrasions in the skin
- bacteria are manipulated by antibiotics - inhibit protein synthesis
4
Q
What is Bacterial Resistance?
A
- due to heavy use of antibiotics (often when they are not useful in viral infections? and from black marketeers have resulted in antibiotic-resistant bacteria
- resistance is caused by bacteria that survive or mutate to become stronger to antibiotics
- enters body through holes in body (nose, ear, cuts, mouth)
5
Q
What are Fungi?
A
- classified as a eukaryote (has a nucleus)
- oral thrush is transmitted by poor oral hygiene, prolonged use of steroids, inhaled steroids, and false teeth
- through contact from an infected person can come athlete’s foot and ringworm
- enters body; often found ON your body
6
Q
What are Parasites?
A
- protists, like malaria
- roundworms, like Racoon Worm
- flatworms, such as tapeworms are multicellular heterotrophs that enter the body in a variety of ways
- Enter body through eating, (tapeworm-sushi) ingesting, burrow through skin
7
Q
What are Prions?
A
- naked proteins → don’t have a coat
ex.) mad cow disease
8
Q
Attack From Inside
A
- cells are packages of macromolecules
- no cell wall
- traded mobility for susceptibility
- animals must defend themselves against invaders like:
→ viruses:
HIV, flu, cold, measles, chicken pox, SARS
→ bacteria:
pneumonia, meningitis, tuberculosis
→ fungi:
yeast (athlete’s foot)
→ protists + worms (especially nematodes_
amoeba, Lyme disease, malaria
→ defied against abnormal body cells = cancers
9
Q
Physical / Chemical Defenses
A
- non-specific defense
external barrier - external barrier
epithelial cells + mucus membranes
skin, respiratory system, digestive system, uro-genital tract - lining of trachea → celiated cells + mucus secreting cells
10
Q
Skin
A
thick, dead cells contain a protein called KERATIN (waterproof layer that protects underlying tissues)
11
Q
Stomach Lining
A
- produces hydrochloric acid that destroys digested bacteria
12
Q
Tears + Salva
A
- contains lysozome that dissolves the cell wall of bacteria, killing them
13
Q
Respiratory System
A
- produces mucus which has antimicrobial properties
14
Q
2nd Line of Defense: Internal, Broad Range Patrol
A
- inflammatory response
- pyrogens
- interferons
- complement
15
Q
Inflammatory Response
A
- characterized by swelling, redness, and pain
- injured tissue releases chemical substances that attract macrophages and neutrophils
- histamine- stimulates the arterioles in the injured tissue to dilate, causing the capillary networks to swell with blood
- prostaglandin- pain-causing chemical released
16
Q
Pyrogens
A
- molecules released primarily by macrophages that have been exposed to bacteria
- travel to the hypothalamus in the brain to turn the heat up in the body (fever)
→ reduces bacterial replication
→ increases metabolism + accelerates phagocytosis
17
Q
Interferons
A
- released from cells infected by viruses
- diffuse away from the cite of infection through the interstitial tissue and bind to the receptors on the plasma membranes of non-infected body cells
- inhabit viruses from replicating + spreading
18
Q
Complement Proteins
A
- they complement the action of antibodies
- form the membrane- attack complex causing the bacterial cell to swell, burst, and die
- they also produce chemical attractions, drawing phagocytic white blood cells to the cite of infection
19
Q
Leukocyte Phagocytic White Blood Cells
A
- attracted by chemical signals released by damaged cells
→ enter infested tissue, engulf + ingest microbes
20
Q
Neutrophils
A
- most abundance white blood cell (70%)
- 3 day life span
21
Q
Macrophages
A
- “big eater,” long-licked
22
Q
3rd Line of Defense
A
- the cells of the immune system selectively target foreign substances and foreign organisms→ specific
- identifies what belongs in the body and what does not:
antigens
T- Cells
B- Cells
Antibodies
23
Q
What are Antigens?
A
- they are antibody-generating substances
- viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, and protozoan contain large molecular proteins or polysaccharides that are antigens
24
Q
What are T-Cells?
A
- matures in thymus
- they attack foreign cells directly (interact directly)
→ cytotoxic T-(killer) destroy body cells
→ helper T-enhance the immune system
→ suppressor T- turn of the immune system when the antigen dissappears
→ memory T- remember past viruses + protects against them / kills viruses
25
Q
What are B-Cells?
A
- mature + differentiate in the bone marrow
- provide humoral immunity
- produce antibodies - proteins that eliminate antigens, bacterial and/or bacterial toxins
-make antibodies that float around in fluids
26
Q
Types of Immunity
A
- Humoral Immunity
- Cell-Mediated Immunity
- Passive Immunity
- Active Immunity
27
Q
Developing a Strong Immune System
A
- the best way to develop an immune system is to use it when young
- children who are sheltered from normal childhood illnesses develop more asthma and allergies
- breast milk from the mother contains antibodies that can be passed on to the child
28
Q
Humoral Immunity
A
- B Cells
- B cells form memory cells + plasma cells that produce antibodies to agents
29
Q
Cell-Mediated Immunity
A
- T Cells
- T Cells differentiate into memory cells, cytotoxic cells, suppressor cells + helper cells that attack the antigen directly
30
Q
Passive Immunity
A
- obtaining antibodies from another individual
- maternal immunity
→ antibodies pass from mother to baby across placenta or in mother’s milk
→ critical role of breastfeeding in infant health
→ mother is creating antibodies against pathogens; baby is being exposed to injection - protected for a short period of time
31
Q
Active Immunity
A
- vaccination - actively produces memory T + B cells that protect a person against future infection
- contain inactivated or weaken viruses - always protected
