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Anatomy > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 biological organisms that cause disease?

A
  • viruses
  • parasites
  • bacteria
  • fungus

(-prions) → not a lot known about them

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2
Q

What are Viruses?

A
  • they are nonliving biological agents that invade cells
  • they consist of a nucleic core, containing either DNA or RNA protein coat (Caspid)
  • they enter the body via respiratory, digestive, insects, or sexual contact
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3
Q

What are Bacteria?

A
  • they are classified as living Prokaryotess (no nucleus)
  • enter the body through the respiratory system, G I system, urinary system or abrasions in the skin
  • bacteria are manipulated by antibiotics - inhibit protein synthesis
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4
Q

What is Bacterial Resistance?

A
  • due to heavy use of antibiotics (often when they are not useful in viral infections? and from black marketeers have resulted in antibiotic-resistant bacteria
  • resistance is caused by bacteria that survive or mutate to become stronger to antibiotics
  • enters body through holes in body (nose, ear, cuts, mouth)
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5
Q

What are Fungi?

A
  • classified as a eukaryote (has a nucleus)
  • oral thrush is transmitted by poor oral hygiene, prolonged use of steroids, inhaled steroids, and false teeth
  • through contact from an infected person can come athlete’s foot and ringworm
  • enters body; often found ON your body
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6
Q

What are Parasites?

A
  • protists, like malaria
  • roundworms, like Racoon Worm
  • flatworms, such as tapeworms are multicellular heterotrophs that enter the body in a variety of ways
  • Enter body through eating, (tapeworm-sushi) ingesting, burrow through skin
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7
Q

What are Prions?

A
  • naked proteins → don’t have a coat
    ex.) mad cow disease
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8
Q

Attack From Inside

A
  • cells are packages of macromolecules
  • no cell wall
  • traded mobility for susceptibility
  • animals must defend themselves against invaders like:
    → viruses:
    HIV, flu, cold, measles, chicken pox, SARS
    → bacteria:
    pneumonia, meningitis, tuberculosis
    → fungi:
    yeast (athlete’s foot)
    → protists + worms (especially nematodes_
    amoeba, Lyme disease, malaria
    → defied against abnormal body cells = cancers
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9
Q

Physical / Chemical Defenses

A
  • non-specific defense
    external barrier
  • external barrier
    epithelial cells + mucus membranes
    skin, respiratory system, digestive system, uro-genital tract
  • lining of trachea → celiated cells + mucus secreting cells
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10
Q

Skin

A

thick, dead cells contain a protein called KERATIN (waterproof layer that protects underlying tissues)

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11
Q

Stomach Lining

A
  • produces hydrochloric acid that destroys digested bacteria
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12
Q

Tears + Salva

A
  • contains lysozome that dissolves the cell wall of bacteria, killing them
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13
Q

Respiratory System

A
  • produces mucus which has antimicrobial properties
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14
Q

2nd Line of Defense: Internal, Broad Range Patrol

A
  1. inflammatory response
  2. pyrogens
  3. interferons
  4. complement
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15
Q

Inflammatory Response

A
  • characterized by swelling, redness, and pain
  • injured tissue releases chemical substances that attract macrophages and neutrophils
  • histamine- stimulates the arterioles in the injured tissue to dilate, causing the capillary networks to swell with blood
  • prostaglandin- pain-causing chemical released
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16
Q

Pyrogens

A
  • molecules released primarily by macrophages that have been exposed to bacteria
  • travel to the hypothalamus in the brain to turn the heat up in the body (fever)
    → reduces bacterial replication
    → increases metabolism + accelerates phagocytosis
17
Q

Interferons

A
  • released from cells infected by viruses
  • diffuse away from the cite of infection through the interstitial tissue and bind to the receptors on the plasma membranes of non-infected body cells
  • inhabit viruses from replicating + spreading
18
Q

Complement Proteins

A
  • they complement the action of antibodies
  • form the membrane- attack complex causing the bacterial cell to swell, burst, and die
  • they also produce chemical attractions, drawing phagocytic white blood cells to the cite of infection
19
Q

Leukocyte Phagocytic White Blood Cells

A
  • attracted by chemical signals released by damaged cells
    → enter infested tissue, engulf + ingest microbes
20
Q

Neutrophils

A
  • most abundance white blood cell (70%)
  • 3 day life span
21
Q

Macrophages

A
  • “big eater,” long-licked
22
Q

3rd Line of Defense

A
  • the cells of the immune system selectively target foreign substances and foreign organisms→ specific
  • identifies what belongs in the body and what does not:
    antigens
    T- Cells
    B- Cells
    Antibodies
23
Q

What are Antigens?

A
  • they are antibody-generating substances
  • viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, and protozoan contain large molecular proteins or polysaccharides that are antigens
24
Q

What are T-Cells?

A
  • matures in thymus
  • they attack foreign cells directly (interact directly)
    → cytotoxic T-(killer) destroy body cells
    → helper T-enhance the immune system
    → suppressor T- turn of the immune system when the antigen dissappears
    → memory T- remember past viruses + protects against them / kills viruses
25
Q

What are B-Cells?

A
  • mature + differentiate in the bone marrow
  • provide humoral immunity
  • produce antibodies - proteins that eliminate antigens, bacterial and/or bacterial toxins
    -make antibodies that float around in fluids
26
Q

Types of Immunity

A
  • Humoral Immunity
  • Cell-Mediated Immunity
  • Passive Immunity
  • Active Immunity
27
Q

Developing a Strong Immune System

A
  • the best way to develop an immune system is to use it when young
  • children who are sheltered from normal childhood illnesses develop more asthma and allergies
  • breast milk from the mother contains antibodies that can be passed on to the child
28
Q

Humoral Immunity

A
  • B Cells
  • B cells form memory cells + plasma cells that produce antibodies to agents
29
Q

Cell-Mediated Immunity

A
  • T Cells
  • T Cells differentiate into memory cells, cytotoxic cells, suppressor cells + helper cells that attack the antigen directly
30
Q

Passive Immunity

A
  • obtaining antibodies from another individual
  • maternal immunity
    → antibodies pass from mother to baby across placenta or in mother’s milk
    → critical role of breastfeeding in infant health
    → mother is creating antibodies against pathogens; baby is being exposed to injection
  • protected for a short period of time
31
Q

Active Immunity

A
  • vaccination - actively produces memory T + B cells that protect a person against future infection
    - contain inactivated or weaken viruses
  • always protected

Anatomy (14 decks)

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