Immune System Flashcards
Immunology
The study of the functioning and disorder of immune system
Immune system plays an important role in
The control of cancer, allergy, hypersensitivity and rejection problems when organs of tissues are transplanted
Founder of immunology
As a student of immunology, I learned that Louis Pasteur was really the father of immunology, despite Edward Jenner’s pioneering introduction of vaccination to prevent smallpox in 1798 (Smith,2011)
Immune response
The body’s response (antibodies) to foreign particles (antigens)
Cell debris
Waste of organic matter after cell dies
Natural killer (NK) cells
Second line defence system
-a type of T- lymphocytes
- are also called cytotoxic T-cells
- do not directly attack invading microbes instead natural killer cells strike at the cancerous cells or body cells that have been invaded by viruses
- kill their target by releasing proteins called perforins, that punch holes through the memb of infected cells
- the pores formed by these proteins allow for the passive diffusion of certain apoptotic proteases known as the granzymes into the target cell
- the cell dies by apostosis
- NK cells also attack cancer cells at an early stage of tumour
Interferons (second line of defense)
(IFNs)
-Interference belong to the large class of proteins known as cytokines molecules used for communication between cell during infection
- antiviral activity (envelope genome)
- interferons are named for their ability to interfere with viral replication
- interferons our parents limit cell to cell spread of viruses in the body
- interference also active immune cells such as natural killer cells and macrophages that inturn destroyrally infected cells
Inflammatory responses
E.g to understand
-tissues injury by pen releasing chemical signal such as histamine
-dilation and increase lickness of local blood vessels migration of phagocytes to the area
-phagocytes (macrophages and neutrophils) consume bacteria and cell debridge tissue heais
- the function of inflammation is to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury clear out necrotic cell and tissues damaged from the original insult (to attack physically) and the inflammatory process and to initiate tissue repair
Prostaglanden
Group of physiologically active lipid compounds called ecosanoids having diverse hormone – like affect in animal (stimulate having effect)–> especially in stomach
Fever or pyrexia
Is raised body temperature than normal
Pyrogens
These cause the temperature set point of hypothalamic thermostate of the body to rise as a result all the mechanism for raising the body temperature are brought into play such as heat conservation and increased production
Endogeneous pyrogenes
White blood cells in response to infection also release hormone collectively called endogenous pyrogens that further increase the temperature set point of hypothalamus because higher body temperature than normal increase the activity of phagocytic white blood cells that attack upon bacteria
- the androgenas also cause other cells to reduce the concentration of iron in the blood because many bacteria require more iron to reproduce at temperature of 38 degree Celsius or 39 degree Celsius then at 37 degree Celsius so we were and reduced iron in the blood combined to slow down the rate of reproduction
- fever also increases the production of interference that travel to the other cells and increase their resistance to viral attack
Imp information
Several experiments have suggested that interluekin 1 causes fever by first inducing the formation of one of the prostaglandins when drugs block prostaglandins and formation the fever is either completely abrogated or at least reduced in fact this maybe the explanation for the manner in which aspirin (a medicine) produces the degree of fever because aspirin impedes the formation of prostaglandins in arachidonic acid it also would explain why aspirin does not lower the body temperature in a normal person because a normal person does not have any interleukin 1 drugs such as aspirin that reduce the level of fever are called antipyretic
Justify wife edition prescribe antihistamine therapy to the patients of runny nose or skin rashes
Runny nose aur skin rashes are a type of hypersensitivity reaction in which histamine is released from the must cells and besophils. its release causes vasodilation ( the dilation of blood vessels, which decreases blood pressure) increase capillary permeability and smooth muscle contraction and antihistamine drug block system in receptor sides so stomach action cannot take place so in this way they are effective in allergic rhinits i.e. running nose and skin
Justify why physician prescribed antipyretic drugs when fever is non specific defence against microbial infection
Antipyretic drugs create their effects by inhibiting prostagladin production in the hypothalamus which has the effect of blocking set points elevation and maintaining the set point at nearer normal levels
