Immune responses And Transplantation Flashcards
What does immunity mean?
Is the body ability to resist disease
What are the 3 functions immunity serves for?
Defense
protect against foreign invasion
Homeostasis
remove damanged substances
Surveillance
looking for and destroying foreign cells
What are antigens?
And it’s present in what?
Substances that elicits an immune response
Present in every cell
What are antigens composed of?
Protein
Antigens are unique to everyone and it allows the body to what?
Be able to recognized self
An antigen is a substance that induces the formation of what?
Antibodies
What is an antibodies?
It’s produced by lymphocytes in response to exposure to antigen
There are two types of immunity what are they?
Innate and acquired
What is innate immunity ? (2)
Present at birth
First line defense against pathogens
What is acquired immunity (3)
Developed immunity
Active
passive
There are two types of innate specific immunity
Active Vs passive
What is it?
Active
- natural contact with antigen through actual infection
Passive
- transplacental & colostrum transfer from mother to child
What is an example of innate active immunity?
Chicken pox, measles & mumps
What is an example of innate passive immunity?
Breastfeeding
There are two types of acquired specific immunity ( artificial )
Active vs passive
Active
- immunization with an antigen
Passive
- injection of serous with antibodies from one person to another person who does not have antibodies
What is an example of acquired artificial active immunity?
Vaccine of chickenpox, measles and mumps
What is an example of acquired artificial passive immunity?
Injection of hepatitis B immune globulin
What is the 2 organs our central ( primary ) lymphoid ?
Thymus gland
Bone marrow
What is the thymus gland involved in?
Differentiation & maturation of T lymphocytes
What happens to the thymus when we age? And why is this important?
It shrinks when we age
Older population have a higher risk of thyroid cancer
What is the function of our bone marrow?
Production of
RBCS, WBCS, platelets
What are the 3 peripheral lymphoid organs?
Lymph nodes
Tonsils
Spleen
What’s a splenectomy ?
Why is it important when talking about immunity, that you be careful with these patients?
Removal spleen
For the rest of their lives, they will always have a higher risk of infection
Lymphoid tissues are associated with what 4 things?
Bronchi
Gut
Genitals
Skin
Viral invasion 7 steps
Elaborate the procreate of a virus invading our body
- Virus invades the body & replicates in cells
- Macrophages digests the virus, displays pieces of the virus ( antigens ) on its surface
- T helper cells recognized antigens, binds to the macrophages.
Stimulates production of cytokines by the macrophages and interleukin-2 and interferon by T cells.
These cytokines are intracellular messengers that provide communication among the cells
- Cytokines communicate with other cells, causing more increase of T cells and Triggers B cells to multiply and provide antibodies
- T cytotoxic cells and natural killer cells destroy infected body cells
- Antibodies bind to the virus and mark it for macrophage destruction
- Memory B and T cells remain behind to respond quickly if the same virus attacks again
What is mononuclear phagocytes?
Monocytes & macrophages
Monocytes & macrophages capture, process, and present antigens to lymphocytes to initiate an immune response
Monocytes & macrophages capture antigens by what process?
Phagocytosis
What are lymphocytes?
Produced in the bone marrow, migrate to peripheral organs
Lymphocytes are differentiated into what 2 lymphocytes ?
Describe each
B
- plasma cells when activated, produced antibodies
( immunoglobulins )
T
- Migrate to thymus, become cytotoxic cells or T helper cells
Lymphocytes, B and T cells are the what type of liners?
Front or back when infection?
Front
T cells provide what?
And live? for how long?
Immunity to virus, tumor cells, fungi
Live months to years
This is why you won’t ever get covid a second time within the same month cause of these cells
T cytotoxic cells
What is the function?
Specific to different antigens they act as?
Attack antigens, release cytotoxins to destroy pathogens.
Specific to different antigens, some act as memory cells
T helper cells function?
Involved in cell mediated immunity & humoral antibody response