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NURS 347 EXAM 4 > Anemia Information > Flashcards

Anemia Information Flashcards

1
Q

What does anemia mean (3?)

A

Deficiency in
Number of erythrocytes (RBC)
Quantity of hemoglobin
Volume of packed RBCS ( hematocrit )
( % of RBC to your plasma )

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2
Q

What are the 3 causes of anemia?

A

Decreased RBC production
Blood loss
Increased RBC destruction

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3
Q

What can cause decreased red blood cell production that ultimately causes anemia? (3)

A

Deficient nutrients
( iron, cobalamin, folic acid )
( cobalamin - b12 vitamin )
Decreased erythropoietin

Decreased iron availability

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4
Q

What can cause blood loss that ultimately leads to anemia? (4)

A

Chronic hemorrhage
( bleeding duodenal ulcer, colorectal cancer, liver disease )

Acute trauma
Ruptured aortic aneurysm
GI bleeding

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5
Q

What can cause an increased RBC destruction that ultimately leads to anemia? (4)

A

Hemolysis
- sickle cell disease
- medication
- incompatible blood
- trauma

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6
Q

What is the function of red blood cells? ( specifically hemoglobin )

A

Transport oxygen from lungs to the peripheral tissues and carry co2 back to the lungs

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7
Q

Is anemia a specific disease ?
If no? What is it?

A

It isn’t
Instead it’s a symptom of something else that might be going on

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8
Q

Anemia manifestation is what process?

A

Pathologic process

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9
Q

How is anemia classified by laboratory review how? (2)

A

Complete blood count with differential

Reticulocyte count

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10
Q

Anemia can be classified by using what two things? And describe both of them

A

Morphology
- cellular characteristics
( descriptive, objective, lab information )

Etiology
- underlying cause

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11
Q

Anemia clinical manifestations are based on what? (3)

A

Rate of development
Severity of anemia
Presence of co existing disease

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12
Q

Hemoglobin (Hgb) levels are used to determine what?
What is mild
What is moderate
What is severe

A

Severity of anemia
Mild - 10-12
Moderate - 6-10
Severe - < 6

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13
Q

Anemia
Integumentary manifestations (3)
And explain why we see each
(2) (1) (1)

A

Pallor
- decrease hemoglobin
- decrease blood flow of the skin

Jaundice
- increase concentration of serum bilirubin

Pruritus ( itching )
- increase serum & skin bile salt concentration

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14
Q

Anemia
Cardiopulmonary manifestations
What does it happen?

And cardic output maintained by what?

A

Results from additional attempts by heart and lungs to provide adequate 02 to the tissues

Cardiac output is maintained by increasing the heart rate & stroke volume

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15
Q

Anemia
Cardiopulmonary manifestations
What might we see? (8)

A

Angina Pectoris ( chest pain ( perfusion problem )
Ascites ( abdominal overflow )
Bruits ( turbulent blood flow over vessel )
Edema
Heart failure
Myocardial infarction
Murmurs ( beating fast heart )
Pulmonary Congestion

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16
Q

Why can you suffer from myocardial infarction?

A

Because the severe anemia isn’t supply the cardiac muscles oxygen to pump, so it results in heart attack & even at rest

17
Q

Why do you get ascites in anemia?

A

Because of a fluid shift in the vessels
( since we don’t have enough iron or vitamins in our body )

18
Q

Anemia
Nursing assessment
Subjective data
What should we ask? (4)

A

Past health history
Medications
( especially ones that cause bleeding ; aspirin )
Surgery
Dietary history
( low diet in iron )

19
Q

Additional information
Anemia is found in kids most often because parents will increase their milk more than the food so that?

A

It results in more milk consumption and lack of food being eaten so low iron

20
Q

Anemia
Nursing assessment
Objective data
What would we want to see? (7)
Describe each one as well

A

General
Integumentary
( pallor )
Respiratory
(RR -^)
Cardiovascular
(Heart rate -^)
Gastrointestinal
( GI bleeding )
Neurological
( numbness & dizziness)
Diagnostic findings
( review labs )

21
Q

What is the nursing diagnosis of anemia? (3)

A

Fatigue
Imbalances nutrition
Ineffective self health management

22
Q

What is the goals/outcomes of anemia? (3)

A

Assume normal activities
Maintain adequate nutrition
Develops no complications related to anemia

23
Q

Anemia
Gerontologic considerations
What should we look out for with the elderly?

A

Signs and symptoms may go unrecognized & may be mistaken for normal aging

24
Q

What are the 3 1/3 related to gerontological considerations of anemia ?

A

1/3 related to poor nutrition
1/3 related to chronic disease
1/3 unexplained

25
Q

Erythrocyte production ( RBC )
What is the life span of RBC?

A

120 days
( about 4 months )

26
Q

Erythrocyte production ( RBC )
What are the 3 alterations in erythropoiesis may decrease RBC production?

A

Decreased hemoglobin synthesis
( not making enough RBC )
Defective DNA synthesis in RBC
( not effective RBC )
Diminished availability of erythrocyte precursors
( not having building blocks to make )

27
Q

Anemia
Decreased erythrocytes production
What is erythropoietin(EPO) produced and where is it produced??
% of what in where?

A

It is glycoprotein
Produced in the kidneys
(10% in the liver )

28
Q

If our patient has kidney or renal disease they may have what? Why?

A

Decreased erythropoietin production
Since it’s 90% made in the kidneys

29
Q

Normally the amount of red blood cells we produce and the amount of red blood cells that we lose match?
True or false

A

True

30
Q

When we’re having anemia, our body will increase what? And why does it do this?

A

Increase erythropoietin ( which is a building block for RBC ) in order to increase red cells production

31
Q

When having anemia our body will also increase what type of cells in order to help RBC production?

A

Stem cells

32
Q

During anemia as well, our body will do what in order to mature RBC in the bone marrow?

A

Shorten the time of how long it takes to mature RBC
( speed up maturation )

33
Q

What are the 3 types of anemia?

A

Iron deficiency
Megalobastic anemia
Blood loss

34
Q

Using the chart in the slideshow
Tell me the etiology of what the morphology is telling us?

Normocytic; normal size
Normochromic; normal color
MCV, MCH normal

Microcytic, Hypochromic
MCV low, MCH low

Macrocytic, Normochromic

A

Acute blood loss, chronic disease, poor nutrition, pregnancy, sickle cell

Definitely, iron, B12, lead poisoning

B12 deficiency, folic acid, liver disease

NURS 347 EXAM 4 (14 decks)

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