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NRS501 > Immune responses > Flashcards

Immune responses Flashcards

Day 1

1
Q

Define the immune system

A

Defence mechanism designed to combat microscopic enemies by recognising, disabling, disposing and remembering them

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2
Q

What body structures protect us ?

A

Stomach acid, nose hairs, skin, sputum

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3
Q

What are the immature, innate physical barriers in infants ?

A

Skin - higher PH levels (6.6)
GI tract - produce small amounts of gastric acid, increases around 3 weeks, at birth GI tract sterile
Respiratory tract - length is shorter, IgA levels initially low
Urinary tract - Inability to maintain hygiene and short urethra (increased infection risk)

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4
Q

What is a neutrophil ?

A

Produced in bone marrow, part of WBC. First responders in accute inflammation in innate immunity. They are phagocytic (surround and engulf germs)

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5
Q

What is a monocyte ?

A

Produced in bone marrow. Part of WBC. Transorm into dendritic cells (alert) and macrophages (phagocytic)

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6
Q

What is a macrophage ?

A

Mature forms of monocytes that have migrated into tissues. Play a role in innate and adaptive immune responses. Phagocytic and secrete cytokines which trigger inflammation and activate other immune cells.

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7
Q

How do macrophages heal damaged tissues ?

A

Clear dead cells and debris

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8
Q

What do macrophages produce which causes chronic inflammation ?

A

a lot of the tissue damage

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9
Q

What doe basophils and eosinophils do ?

A

Defend against parasitic worms and ticks which are too big to be engulfed by neutrophils and macrophages. Involved in allergy and form minor component in WBC count

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10
Q

What are lymphocytes responsible for ?

A

Adoptive immune response via 2 different types of cells

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11
Q

What are the 2 types of lymphocytes ?

A

B cells and T cells

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12
Q

What do B cells do ?

A

Produce antibodies (proteins targeting viruses etc). When antigen attaches to B cell receptor, B cell is stimulated.B cell learns to recognise different antigens and to produce specific antibodies to attack each one

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13
Q

What do T cells do ?

A

Mature in thymus gland during childhood, released into blood semi mature (not encountered antigen - invading microorganism). They control body immune response and directly kill infected cells.Cytotoxic - attach to antogens and eliminate them by creating holes in cell membrane and inserting enzymes.
Helper - help B cells produce antibodies and activate cytotoxic cells.
Suppressor - produce substance to regulate immune system response
Memory - recognise antigen from past exposure and prevent repeat infections.

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14
Q

What is a NK lymphocyte cell ?

A

Natural killer cell that has small particles that contain enzymes with ability to eliminate tumour cells or cells infected with a virus

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15
Q

What is a mast cell ?

A

Found in tissues, role in immunity against parasites. Contains granules of histamine. involved in acute inflammation and allergy

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16
Q

What are dendritic cells ?

A

Present in tissues and lymph nodes. Display fragments of microorganisms (antigens) on their surface which helps to activate T cells. Also called antigen presenting cells

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17
Q

What are Langerhans cells

A

Antigen presenting cells found in the skin

18
Q

When does the adoptive immune response start ?

A

when innate response is unsuccessful. Approx 4 days

19
Q

The adoptive immune response is controlled by what ?

A

Lymphatic system, cell debris and microorganisms drained into lymphatic vessels and taken to local lymph nodes where AIR is stimulated

20
Q

What are antibodies ?

A

Also called immunoglobulins are Y shaped protein molecules that help to fight against foreign antigens.

21
Q

What is an antigen ?

A

Any substance that stimulates immune system to produce antibodies.
Bacteria, virus, fungi

22
Q

Describe the B cell response to AIMIR

A

Diversity of B cells, different B cells have different receptors for different types of antigens.
Encounter antigen, B cell produces clones. Some produce antibodies to destroy pathogens. Some mature into B memory cells and get stored in lymph nodes to respond to future infection of the same antigen. May need a T helper to become active.

23
Q

What is a B cells war strategy ?

A

Recognise enemy )B cell receptor)
Receive signal for activation -
show antigen to CD4 T cells
recognise multiple crosslinking

24
Q

What do B cells transform into ?

A

Plasma cell (secretes antibodies)
Memory B cell (fast recognition in the future)

25
Q

What are antibodies ?

A

Produced by plasma cell, established from B cell.
Unique cell with 1 specific antigen binding site capable of binding to 1 specific antigen.

26
Q

Antibodies of the same class are called what ?

A

Immunoglobulins

27
Q

What are the 5 different classes of immunoglobulin ?

A

IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM

28
Q

What are the 3 different activities antibodies do ?

A

Neutralisation, opsonisation, complement fixation

29
Q

What is neutralisation ?

A

Coat pathogen to prevent it from interacting with host cell surface

30
Q

What is opsonisation ?

A

Coat pathogen to attract and encourage phagocytic cells

31
Q

What is complement fixation ?

A

Coat pathogen to activate the complement system of blood proteins to kill the pathogen

32
Q

Describe the T cell mediated immune response

A

Invading organisms engulfed by antigen presenting cells, macrophages and dendritic cells
The ACPS move to local lymph node and present the antigen to naïve T cells.
Cloning then commences

33
Q

Describe what is involved in the T cell cloning process

A

T helper cells activate B cell processes, calls other inflammatory cells, regulates processes, stop autoimmunity
T cytotoxic cells kill infected cell by introducing toxic proteins

34
Q

What are the cell toxic proteins in the cloning process ?

A

Perforin )forms hole in target membrane)
Gransymes (reprogrammes cell to die early, inducing apoptosis)
Granulysin (stabs holes in cell membrane to detsory it)

35
Q

What is the difference between active and passive immunity ?

A

Active - simulation of adaptive immune response
Natural - through infection
Vaccine induced - Introduce whole microorganism, part of stimulate one’s own cells to make part of it
Passive - antibodies against pathogen given to person, via breastmilk, immunoglobulin’s preparations

36
Q

Describe passive immunity in infants

A

Natural passive Starts during gestation
In utero IgG antibodies transferred to foetus via placenta
Once born antibodies continue to be part of immune system until decline around 3 - 6 months

37
Q

Why is breastmilk good ?

A

Provides infants with protective bioactive components

38
Q

What key ingredients is in breastmilk which supports infant immunity ?

A

IgA, maternal lymphocytes, lactoferrin, fibronectin, lysozyme, breastmilk promotes the growth of normal gut flora

39
Q

What is the broncho - entero - mammary pathway ?

A

Pathway at end of pregnancy where lactogenic hormones influence the migration of lymphocytes from aggregates in the gut to mammary glands

40
Q

Describe what happens during vaccination ?

A

Activation of adaptive immune response - B and T cells recognise antigen, clonal expansion, fight infection. Some cells become memory cells

41
Q

Define vaccination

A

Introducing microbial antigens to induce a primary response

NRS501 (20 decks)

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