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NRS501 > Fundamentals of infection > Flashcards

Fundamentals of infection Flashcards

Day 1

1
Q

Define pathophysiology

A

How disease affects body functions

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2
Q

What is the level of biological organisation

A

Specialised cell - tissue - organ - system - organism

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3
Q

What is integration ?

A

The working together of cells, tissues and organs which requires control and coordination

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4
Q

What are ligands ?

A

Messages that are sent to another cell

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5
Q

What is a signalling cell ?

A

Sends messages to other cells to make something happen

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6
Q

What is a receptor cell ?

A

Receives the message and acts upon it

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7
Q

What are receptors ?

A

Sit on the cell membrane which are the letterbox of the cell, only allowing certain messages in

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8
Q

What are the types of cellular communication ?

A

Nerve, endocrine and local signalling

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9
Q

Describe nerve signalling

A

Used by neurones, uses neurotransmitters to send signals through synapse to another another neurone or receptor cell. Fast and specific routes of movement

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10
Q

Describe endocrine signalling

A

Cells send hormones into blood bloodstream which are received by a receptor cell to stimulate an action. Slow acting and diffuse around whole body as it is within the circulatory system

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11
Q

describe local signalling

A

Between cells which are close together, stimulates local affect or action. Cells for example often signal damage to other cells as part of body’s response to damage (inflammatory mediators)

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12
Q

What is cellular adaption ?

A

Response to stimuli or change in the body

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13
Q

What are the 2 types of cellular adaption ?

A

Physiological and pathological

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14
Q

What is cell atrophy ?

A

Decrease in cell size, organ size changes if sufficient cell changes occurs

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15
Q

Give an example of atrophy

A

Skeletal muscle atrophy in elderly

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16
Q

What is hypertrophy ?

A

Increase in cell size and volume, organ size change is sufficient

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17
Q

Example of hypertrophy

A

Increased muscle growth through weight based exercise

18
Q

What is hyperplasia ?

A

Increase in number of cells due to increase cell mitosis either to compensate for tissue or organ generation or hormonal generation

19
Q

What is abnormal hyperplasia ?

A

Abnormal increase in number of cells eg endometriosis

20
Q

Give an example of hyperplasia

A

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

21
Q

What is metaplasia ?

A

Specific cell replaced with less specific cell.

22
Q

Give an example of metaplasia

A

In smoking mucus producing cells with cilia are replaced with cells with no mucus production and cilia, thus affecting respiratory system

23
Q

What is dysplasia ?

A

Abnormal changes and variations in the shape, size and organisation of cells. Can turn into carcinoma

24
Q

Give an example of dysplasia

A

Cervical dysplasia

25
Q

What are the 2 types of cellular death ?

A

Apoptosis (planned) and necrosis (unplanned)

26
Q

Describe what happens during necrosis

A

Cell contents swell and cell membrane becomes deformed, eventually rupturing, causing contents (organelles) to leak out. Leakage may stimulate inflammatory and immune responses as these are picked up by cells to be digested or removed

27
Q

Describe apoptosis

A

Planned cell death to control cell population. Cell membrane forms blebs which contain cell contents and organelles which are removed by macrophages. Although natural process, cell can be coerced into suicide by immune system if it replicates abnormally or is infected by a virus.

28
Q

What is an internal tissue injury ? Give examples

A

Disease processes originating in the body. Ischemia, anaphylaxis, tumours, autoimmunity.

29
Q

What is an external tissue injury ? Give examples

A

Stimuli damage from outside the body. Radiation, stings, burns, trauma.

30
Q

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation ?

A

Pain, heat, redness, swelling, loss of function, vasodilation.

31
Q

Explain pain as a cardinal sign of inflammation

A

To prevent further injury, caused by damage to cells and release of inflammatory mediators (bradykinins and prostaglandins stimulate pain fibres)

32
Q

Explain heat and redness as a cardinal sign of inflammation

A

Vascular response - vasodilation, increased vascular permability, outflow of fluid exudate.

33
Q

Explain swelling as a cardinal sign of inflammation

A

Caused by oedema which is when a protein rich fluid (exudate) is squeezed out of blood vessels and accumulates in tissues. Small blood vessels become more porous and leak plasma and plasma protein (complement, bradykinins, clotting factors)

34
Q

Explain loss of function as a cardinal sign of inflammation

A

Protective mechanism to prevent further injury and to support the damaged tissue.

35
Q

Explain vasodilation as a cardinal sign of inflammation

A

Mast cells release histamine which causes vasodilation.Increased blood flow allows phagocytes (neutrophils and macrophages) nutrients, oxygen to get to the site. Also dilutes toxins, brings immune response cells (antibodies) in, clotting system.

36
Q

What can happen with acute inflammation ?

A

Removal of damaged cells. Scarring – when tissue cant regenerate. Abscess formation – exudate made of neutrophils, dead tissue and bacteria. Develop into chronic inflammation

37
Q

Describe chronic inflammation

A
  • Persistent state of inflammation
  • Causes extensive tissue damage
  • Macrophages accumulate, high degree of phagocytosis, excreting chemicals and by products of digestion
  • Ongoing damage to tissues, undergoing wound repair process and damage replaced by scar tissue
38
Q

When does chronic inflammation occur ?

A
  • Persistent infection – microorganism hasn’t been removed
  • Allergic diseases with continued exposure to chemical causing allergy stimulating inflammatory response
  • Autoimmunity – immune system targets own tissues
  • Prolonged exposure to toxic agents
39
Q

What are the 2 types of blood tests that measure inflammation ?

A

CRP and ESR

40
Q

What does CRP stand for ? How does a CRP test work ? What colour is the lid ?

A

C - reactive protein. Orange lid. CRP is a protein made in the liver which increases when there is inflammation in the body.

41
Q

What does ESR stand for ? How does the test work ? What colour is used for the lid ?

A

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Purple. Measures how quickly blood cells settles at the bottom of the tube. It is an indirect measurement of the degree of inflammation in the body.

NRS501 (20 decks)

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