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Phase 1 EDF > IMMS > Flashcards

IMMS Flashcards

1
Q

Name 2 double membrane organelles within a cell

A

Nucleus

Mitochondria

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2
Q

Where is DNA found in the cell

A

Nucleus

AND MITOCHONDRIA

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3
Q

In what type of cells is heterochromatin likely to found in higher concentrations? How does is appear on an electron miscroscope

A

Inactive cells

Darkly stained

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4
Q

In what type of cells is euchromatin likely to found in higher concentrations? How does is appear on an electron miscroscope

A

Active cells

Lightly stained

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5
Q

What it the role of the nucleous

A

Synthesis ribosomal RNA

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6
Q

What is the role of mitochondria?

A

Site of aerobic resp/oxidative phosphorylation

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7
Q

What role do the outer membranes of mitochondria have?

A

Lipid synthesis

Fatty acid metabolism

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8
Q

Where in the mitochondria does the ETC take place?

A

Inner membrane

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9
Q

Where in the in mitochondria does the Krebs/TCA cycle take place

A

Matrix

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10
Q

What are the extensions of the inner mitochondrial membranes called?

A

Cristae

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11
Q

Where are proteins systhesised

A

Ribosomes/RER

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12
Q

What is the function of the SER

A

Lipid synthesis
Ca2+ storage
Protein processing

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13
Q

What are the 3 parts of the golgi apparatus and what are their individual roles?

A

Cis golgi - entry of molecules, some phosphorylation
Middle golgi - main processing centre, addition of sugars
Trans golgi - proteolysis (cut ends of proteins - active form), exit in vesicles

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14
Q

Give the 5 types of vesicles that may be found in a cell

A

1) Golgi derived
2) Cell surface derived
3) ER derived
4) Lysosomes
5) Peroxisomes

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15
Q

Describe the features of a lysosome

A

H+-ATPase on surface - acidic

Hydrolytic enzymes

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16
Q

What is an peroxisome? What is it role?

A

A type of vesicle that takes in O2. Removes from hydrogen from organic molecules, forms H2O2 and oxidised long chain fatty acids.

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17
Q

What enzymes are found in a peroxisome

A

D-amino acid oxidase
Catalase
Ureate oxidase

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18
Q

What are the 3 component of a the cell cytoskeleton

A

Microfilament
Intermediate filament
Microtubule

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19
Q

What is microfilament composed of? (5nm) And what is it role?

A

F-actin
Form mesh inside cell surface for structural support
Allows membrane to move - phagocytosis

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20
Q

Give 3 examples of intermediate fillament? (10nm) And state the roles of microfilaments

A

Laminin
Desmin
Keratin
Anchored to transmembrane proteins and spread tensile forces throughout the tissue

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21
Q

What is microtubule filament composed of?(25nm) Describe its structure

A

Tubulin

alpha and beta molecules arranged into groups of 13 to give a hollow tube-like structure

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22
Q

Give two used of microtubules

A

Axonal transport

Chromosome separation, arise from centrosomes

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23
Q

What is a centrosome?

A

Two centrioles

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24
Q

What are the 4 different types of proteins found in the plasma membrane?

A

Transport proteins
Receptor proteins
Enzymes
Cell adhesion molecules

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25
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

Region of plasma membrane that fold into the cell, forming intracellular vesicles

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26
Q

What percentage of the body weight does water contribute? How many litres is the?

A

60%

42L

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27
Q

What percentage of the water in our bodies is intracellular? How many L?

A

40%

28L

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28
Q

What percent of water in the body is extracellular? How many L?

A

20%

14L

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29
Q

What are the 2 division of the ECF?

A

Plasma

Interstitial

30
Q

How many litres of fluid are found in the plasma of the ECF?

A

3L

31
Q

How many litres of fluid are found in the interstitium?

A

11L

32
Q

What is/are the predominant electrolyte(s) in the ECF?

A

Na
Chloride
Bicarbonate

33
Q

What is the predominant electrolyte in the ICF?

A

K

34
Q

What is the transcellular fluid?

A

(ECF) Makes up CSF, digestive fluid, mucus etc

35
Q

What are the main osmotically active substances in the ECF?

A

Sodium
Chloride
Glucose
Urea

36
Q

What is the main osmotically active substance in the ICF?

A

K

37
Q

What are the 3 methods of fluid intake

A

Drinks
Diet
IV

38
Q

What are the 2 types of water loss?

A

Sensible and insensible

39
Q

State the sensible loss of fluid?

A

Urine - kidneys

40
Q

State the insensible losses?

A

Vomiting
Breathing
Sweating
Faeces

41
Q

What are the 3 regulating hormones of water homeostatis?

A

ADH
Aldosterone
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

42
Q

How is osmolality of the ECF increased?

A

Increased solutes

Decreased water

43
Q

Where are osmoreceptors located?

A

Hypothalamus

44
Q

What hormone is released in response to an increase in osmolality?

A

ADH

45
Q

What hormone is released when renal blood flow is decreased?

A

Aldosterone

46
Q

What is the action of aldosterone?

A

Increased Na reab
K secretion
Also stimulates ADH

47
Q

State the causes of dehydration?

A

Decreased in take - drink
Increased lose - urine/sweat
Decreased ADH

48
Q

Hyponatraemia is a consequence of what?

A

Dehydration

49
Q

Define hydrostatic pressure

A

Pressure diff between capillary blood and interstitial fluid

Hydrostatic pressure decreased from arterial end to venule end

50
Q

In which direction does hydrostatic pressure cause water and solute to move?

A

From cap to interstitium

51
Q

Define oncotic pressure

A

The osmotic pressure cause by the difference in protein concentration between the capillary blood and interstitial fluid

52
Q

In which direction does oncotic pressure cause water and solute to move?

A

From interstitium to plasma

53
Q

Define odema

A

XS water intracellular tissue

54
Q

Define osmolality/osmolarity

A

The amount/conc of a solute in a solution/the measure of the no. of dissolved particles per unit of fluid

55
Q

Give the units for osmolality

A

m(Os)mol/Kg

56
Q

Give the units for osmolarity

A

mmol/L

57
Q

Define osmosis

A

The spontaneous net movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane to a region of higher solute concentration

58
Q

Define oncotic pressure

A

Form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins, tends to cause water to move from interstitium to plasma

59
Q

What are the 4 different types of odema

A

Inflammatory
Venous
Lymphatic
Hypoalbuminaemic

60
Q

Give 2 examples of positive feedback mechanisms

A

Clotting cascade

Oxytocin release

61
Q

Give examples of negative feedback

A

Temp regulation
BP reg
BM reg
Metabolic regulation

62
Q

Define osmotic pressure

A

The pressure exerted on water by the movement of solute

63
Q

What happens in inflammatory oedema?

A

Leaky capillaries

64
Q

What happens in venous oedema?

A

Increase end pressure

65
Q

What happens in lymphatic oedema?

A

Decreased lymphatic drainage

66
Q

What happens in hypoalbumaenic oedema?

A

Low albumin in capillary, decrease in oncotic pressure less water moves back to cap

67
Q

State the causes of hypernatriaemia

A

Increased Na - diet/mineralcorticoids-aldosterone

Decreased water - low intake, high output

68
Q

What is meant by a negative gibbs free energy (delta G)

A

Reaction is spontaneous

69
Q

In which direction is DNA synthesised?

A

5’ to 3’ direction

70
Q

State the stop codons RNA

A

UAG, UGA, UAA

71
Q

State the start codon

A

AUG

Phase 1 EDF (12 decks)

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