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Phase 1 EDF > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

How long is the embryonic period?

A

8 weeks

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2
Q

How long is pregnancy after the last menstrual cycle

A

38 weeks

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3
Q

What is the layer of cells that appears between the cytotrophoblast and the exocoelomic membrane?

A

EXTRA-embryonic mesoderm

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4
Q

What is the extra embryonic mesoderm responsible for?

A

The formation of blood vessels that will connect the embryo to the placenta - chorion/chorionic villi

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5
Q

What is grastrulation

A

The formation of the trilaminar disc
Cells from the epiblast migrate towards the primative streak, slip beneath it, and form the INTRA-embryonic mesoderm
Epiblast forms ectoderm
Hypoblast forms endoderm

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6
Q

What does the ectoderm give rise to?

A 
CNS
PNS
Skin
Hair
Nails
Enamel of teet
Sensory ep - nose, ear, eye
Pituitary, mammary, sweat glands
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7
Q

What are the 3 regions of the mesoderm?

A

Para-axial
Intermediate
Lateral

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8
Q

What does the para-axial mesoderm give rise to?

A

Myotomes (muscle tissue)
Dermatomes (subcutaneous tissue)
Sclerotome (bone/cartilage)

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9
Q

What does the intermediate mesoderm give rise to?

A

They urogenital system: gonad, kidneys and their respective systems

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10
Q

What does the lateral mesoderm give rise to?

A 
2 layers of the lateral mesoderm
Somatic (parietal) 
- future body wall
Splanchnic (visceral) 
-circulatory system
-connective system of glands and gut
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11
Q

What does the endoderm give rise to?

A

Epithelial lining of GI tract, resp sys and urinary bladder
Epithelial lining of tympanic cavity and auditory tube
Parenchyma (functioning tissue) of the thyroid gland, parathyroid gland and auditory tube

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12
Q

What two germ layers are found at the oropharyngeal and cloacal membranes?

A

Endo and ecto derm - no intervening mesoderm

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13
Q

In the embryo - what are the boundaries of the foregut

A

Oropharyngeal membrane to liver bud (at 2nd part of the duodenum)

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14
Q

What are the 3 main branches of the coeliac trunk?

A

Splenic artery
Left gastric artery
Common hepatic

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15
Q

From which two germ layers is the primitive gut formed by?

A

Endoderm and visceral (splanchnic) mesoderm (lateral plate)

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16
Q

From which germ layer are the hepatocytes derived?

A

Endoderm

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17
Q

How many pharyngeal arches are there? And what germ layer are they derived from?

A

5 (1,2,3,4 and 6!) Mesoderm

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18
Q

Stapes, styloid process, and the upper part of the hyoid bone are all skeletal features derived from which pharyngeal arch

A

2 - hyoid arch

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19
Q

What muscles are derived from the 1st/mandibular pharyngeal arch?

A 
Muscles of mastication
Anterior belly of the digastric
Mylohyoid
Tensor tympani
Tensor palatini
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20
Q

What are the bony structures that arise from the 1st pharyngeal arch?

A 
Mandible
Maxilla
Malleus
Incus
Middle ear
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21
Q

What are the muscles derived from the 2nd pharyngeal arch?

A 
Muscles of facial expression
Buccinator
Platysma
Stylohyoid
Posterior belly of the digatric
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22
Q

What does the 3rd pharyngeal arch give rise to?

A

Stylopharyngeus

Lower part of the hyoid bone

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23
Q

What does the 4th pharyngeal arch give rise to?

A

Cricothyroid, intrinsic muscles of the soft palate

Thyroid cartilage, epiglottic cartilage

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24
Q

What does the 6th pharyngeal arch give rise to?

A

All the intrinsic muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid
Cricoid cartilage, arytenoid cartilage, corniculate cartilage

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25
Q

How many pharyngeal pouches are there? And from what germ layer are they formed?

A

4

Endoderm

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26
Q

What does the 1st pharyngeal pouch give rise to?

A

Middle ear cavity

Auditory/eustachian tube

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27
Q

What does the 2nd pharyngeal pouch give rise to?

A

Palatine tonsils and tonsillar palatini

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28
Q

What does the 3rd pharyngeal pouch give rise to?

A

Inferior parathyroid gland

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29
Q

What does the 4th pharyngeal pouch give rise to?

A

Superior parathyroid gland

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30
Q

How many pharyngeal clefts are there? And what germ layer are they formed from?

A

4

Ectoderm

31
Q

What does the 1st pharyngeal cleft give rise to?

A

External acoustic meatus

32
Q

What do pharyngeal arches 2,3 and 4 give rise to?

A

Cervical sinus

33
Q

Describe the mesentery of the oesophagus

A

(Lower part) both ventral and dorsal mesentry

34
Q

Where is the lung bud/respiratory diverticulum found?

A

Ventral forgut at - End of pharynx, beginning of oesophagus

35
Q

What divides the oesophagus and lung bud?

A

Tracheoesophageal septum

36
Q

How many degrees does the stomach rotate by in the longitudinal axis? Does the original posterior wall move to the right or to the left?

A

90

Left

37
Q

What structure develops in the dorsal mesentery (only) of the foregut?

A

Spleen

38
Q

What structure develops in both the ventral and dorsal mesentery of the foregut?

A

Pancreas (ventral and dorsal)

39
Q

What structure develops in the ventral mesentery (only) of the the foregut?

A

Liver

40
Q

Does the lesser omentum form part of the ventral or dorsal mesentery of the foregut? And what structures does it connect?

A

Ventral

Connect liver to stomach

41
Q

What is the lienorenal ligament? Does is form part of the ventral or dorsal mesentery of the foregut?

A

Connects the spleen to the kidney

Dorsal

42
Q

Where are the lesser and greater omentum continuous with one another?

A

Epiploic foramen

43
Q

What structures can be found at the ventral side of the epiploic foramen?

A

Portal vein
Hepatic artery
Bile duct

44
Q

Which mesentery is the greater omentum part of? Where does it hang down from?

A

Dorsal

Greater curvature of the stomach

45
Q

What connects the midgut to the yolk sac?

A

Vitelline duct

46
Q

Which parts of the duodenum are retroperitoneal?

A

2-4

47
Q

Which parts of the pancreas are retroperitoneal?

A

All except tail

48
Q

What are the 5 stages of the development of the foregut?

A 
Elongation
Herniation
Rotation
Retraction
Fixation
49
Q

Which part of the small intestine is the first to retract and therefore lies more towards the left?

A

Jejunum

50
Q

What are the boundaries of the primitive hind gut?

A

Left 1/3 of the transverse colon to the cloacal membrane

51
Q

What divides the cloaca in two? What is formed as a result of this division?

A

Urorectum septum - expands to form perineal body
Urogenital membrane - urogenital sinus
Anal membrane - anal canal

52
Q

What epithelium is found at the upper 2/3 of the anal canal?

A

Simple columnar

53
Q

What epithelium is found at the lower 1/3 of the anal canal?

A

Stratified squamous non keratinising

54
Q

What is the name of the line that marks the changing of epithelium between the upper 2/3 and lower 1/3 of the anal canal?

A

Pectinate line

55
Q

What does the urogenital sinus give rise to?

A

Bladder
Urethra
(Female - lower vagina, labia majora, labia minora and clitoris)

56
Q

From what germ layer is the pancreas derived from?

A

Endoderm

57
Q

In what percentage of people does an accessory duct exist in the pancreas?

A

10%

58
Q

Name the 3 kidneys that occur during embryological development?

A

Pronephros
Mesonephros
Metanephros

59
Q

Which is the permanent kidney?

A

Metanephros

60
Q

At what week which does the pronephros arise?

A

4

61
Q

What is the pronephros composed of?

A

7-10 solid cell groups = nephrotomes

62
Q

The pronephros is non-functioning, true or false?

A

True

63
Q

When does the mesonephros arise and disappear?

A 
4th week
8th week (mesonephric ridge/tubules disappear but not the mesonephric (wolffian) duct in males*
64
Q

At what week does the metanephros occur?

A

5th week

65
Q

At what week does the metanephros begin to function?

A

12 weeks

66
Q

What two parts form the metanephros?

A 
Metanephric blastema 
Ureteric bud (*although forms meTanephros the ureteric bud is actually an outgrowth of meSonephric duct)
67
Q

What does the metanephric blastema give rise to?

A

The excretory units - nephrons

68
Q

What does the ureteric bud give rise to?

A

Collecting system

69
Q

In what region of the body does the pronephros develop?

A

Cervical

70
Q

In what region of the body does the mesonephros develop?

A

Thoracolumbar

71
Q

In what region of the body does the metanephros develop?

A

Pelvic region

72
Q

Where are the ureters derived from?

A

Mesonephric duct

73
Q

From what germ layer is the urogenital system derived from?

A

Intermediate mesoderm

Phase 1 EDF (12 decks)

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