IH Chemistry

Question 1

Matter

Answer 1

Any that occupies space and has mass

Question 2

Substance

Answer 2

Matter that has the same properties and composition e.g. atoms and molecules

Question 3

Elements

Answer 3

A substance that cannot be decomposed to other substances

Question 4

Compounds

Answer 4

Substance that consists of at least 2 elements and can decompose to other substances

Question 5

Mixtures

Answer 5

Like compounds but components are interdependent and can be removed from the mixture

Question 6

Atomic structure

Answer 6

Dense nucleus of protons and neutrons with outer volume containing electrons

Question 7

Groups

Answer 7

Columns in periodic table, consists of elements with similar properties

Question 8

Electron configuration

Answer 8

Electron filling scheme for a given element

Question 9

Chemical properties

Answer 9

Bonding characteristics of an element though valence electrons. Similar properties should have similar valence shell configurations.

Question 10

Covalent bonding

Answer 10

Atoms share electrons

Question 11

Ionic bonding

Answer 11

Transfer of electrons

Question 12

Octet rule

Answer 12

The tendency for an atom to have 8 valence electrons

Question 13

Polar covalent bond

Answer 13

Uneven electron density in a covalently bonded molecule

Question 14

Electronegativity

Answer 14

The tendency for an atom to have higher electron density

Question 15

What molecules tend to be nonpolar?

Answer 15

Ax and CxAy

Question 16

What is the Law of Conservation of Energy?

Answer 16

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only change in form

Question 17

Heat of reaction

Answer 17

The energy released or absorbed in a reaction

Question 18

Solid

Answer 18

Definite shape and volume, strong intermolecular forces

Question 19

Crystalline solid

Answer 19

Solid with crystal structure

Question 20

Amorphous solid

Answer 20

Solid without a crystalline structure

Question 21

Liquids

Answer 21

Molecules held a relatively small distances within a definite volume at a fixed temperature

Question 22

Gases

Answer 22

Weak intermolecular forces, fills the shape of the container. Volumes affected by temperature and pressure.

Question 23

Aliphatic hydrocarbon

Answer 23

Saturated, single bonds, non-polar

Question 24

Unsaturated hydrocarbon

Answer 24

Double or triple bonds (alkenes, alkynes)

Question 25

Aromatic hydrocarbons

Answer 25

Ring structure, follows Huckel's rules

Question 26

Methyl

Answer 26

1 carbon

Question 27

Ethyl

Answer 27

2 carbons

Question 28

Propyl

Answer 28

3 carbons

Question 29

Butyl

Answer 29

4 carbons

Question 30

Isopropyl

Answer 30

3 carbons in a trident shape

Question 31

Polyaromatic hydrocarbons

Answer 31

Multiple aromatic rings in 1 molecule

Question 32

Alcohol

Answer 32

R-OH

Question 33

Ether

Answer 33

R'-O-R"

Question 34

Aldehyde

Answer 34

RCOH

Question 35

Ketone

Answer 35

RCOR'

Question 36

Carbonxylic Acid

Answer 36

RCOOH

Question 37

Amine

Answer 37

R-NH2

Question 38

Nitrile

Answer 38

CN

Question 39

Beer's Law

Answer 39

Absorbance = molar absorptivity * path length * concentration A = abc

Question 40

Qualitative analysis

Answer 40

Is it there or not?

Question 41

Quantitative analysis

Answer 41

How much is there?

Question 42

Boyle's Law

Answer 42

P1V1 = P2V2

Question 43

Charles Law

Answer 43

V1/T1 = V2/T2

Question 44

Gay-Lussac's Law

Answer 44

P1/T1 = P2/V2

Question 45

All the laws combined

Answer 45

V ∝ T/P

Question 46

Ideal gas law

Answer 46

PV = nRT

Question 47

Kinetic theory of gases

Answer 47

- A gas consists of a large number of very small particles - Net volume of particles is negligible - Elastic collisions in straight lines

Question 48

Spectroscopy

Answer 48

Measures interactions of chemical w/ EMR

Question 49

Electrochemical

Answer 49

Measures interaction of chemical with electric field

Question 50

IR spectroscopy

Answer 50

Molecular vibrations and rotations from IR exposure

Question 51

Xray diffraction

Answer 51

Incident xray gives off characteristic patter

Question 52

Xray fluorescence

Answer 52

Characterstic secondary xray from incident xray

Question 53

Atomic absorption and emission spec

Answer 53

Observe emitted radiation from decay of excited compound

Question 54

Gas chromatography

Answer 54

Measures retention times of components in mobile phase in addition to quantitative analysis

Question 55

HPLC

Answer 55

similar to GC but mobile phase is liquid and is used for less volatile or more reactive chemicals

Question 56

Ion chromatography

Answer 56

Similar to HPLC but uses ion exchange resins for separation

Question 57

Ion exchange electrodes

Answer 57

Glass electrode that gives highly selective response to hydrogen ions, commonly used in pH meters

Question 58

Electron capture detectors

Answer 58

Isotope releases electrons in carrier gas towards an anode to create a current. Electron capturing analytes take an amount of those electrons, affecting the current.

Question 59

Flame ionization detector

Answer 59

Creation of organic ions by passing H2 through a flame, measuring conductivity of the flame. Used with many organic compounds.

Question 60

Photoionization detector

Answer 60

Creates ions through UV exposure, measures conductivity of gases in the light field. Used with organics, especially aromatics.

Question 61

Fick's Law of Diffusion

Answer 61

W = D (A/L) (C1 - C0) ``` W = mass transfer rate D = Diffusion coefficient A = Frontal area of static layer L = Length of static layer C1 = ambient concentration C0 = concentration at collection surface (should be 0) ```