IGCSE Theme 3 Economic Development Definitions Flashcards
Define the term GNP per capita
The total value of all the goods and services produced by a country in a year including income from foreign investments
Define the term HDI
Human Development Index. A summary measure of life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling and expected years of school and gross national income per capita
Define the term literacy rate
The percentage of a population that can read and write
Define the term life expectancy
The number of years that a person can expect to live, on average, in a given population
Define the term primary sector
Involves the production or extraction of raw materials - this includes forestry, farming, fishing and mining
Define the term secondary sector
The manufacturing of goods. For example, producing cars in a car factory or making clothes in the textile industry.
Define the term tertiary sector
Involves providing services to people, for example a cleaner, teacher or a doctor
Define the term quaternary sector
Focuses on knowledge-based industries or high-tech industries such as ICT (information and communication technologies) and research and development
Define the term globalisation
The process by which the world is becoming increasingly interconnected as a result of massively increased trade and cultural exchange
Define the term commercial agriculture
Farming to make a profit
Define the term subsistence agriculture
Farming for consumption, not for sale
Define the term arable agriculture
The growing of crops only
Define the term pastoral agriculture
The rearing of animals only for eggs, milk, wool etc
Define the term mixed agriculture
Both animals and plants are reared and grown respectively
Define the term intensive agriculture
A system of farming using large amounts of labour and capital relative to the land area
Define the term extensive agriculture
An agricultural system that uses small inputs of labour and capital relative to the land area
Define the term sedentary farming
Farming in one place
Define the term nomadic farming
Moving from one place to another, especially with herds of animals
Define the term input (agriculture)
What is put into a farming system - these may be human or natural e.g. Labour, land, capital, seeds, climate, soil, relief, machinery, fertilisers, water
Define the term agricultural process
A sequence of actions in a farming system - these include ploughing, spraying, weeding, harvesting, sowing, milking, feeding, irrigation
Define the term agricultural outputs
The outcome of agricultural processes - these include crops, pollution, agricultural waste, profits, meat, wool, lambs, calves
Define the term industrial inputs
Materials that are used in the process to create an output
Define the term industrial processes
The procedures in a factory or where materials are changed into a final product
Define the term industrial outputs
Finished products and wastes obtained from industry
Define the term manufacturing industry
When raw materials are made into products
Define the term processing industry
Raw materials are treated or prepared into a different state through a series of stages. This often uses chemical processes
Define the term assembly industry
Industries that put together and combine component parts until the final product is assembled
Define the term high-technology industry (hi-tech industry)
These industries are defined by having high concentrations of workers in STEM occupations; often involve microelectronics and advanced manufacturing techniques
Define the term tourism
Travel away from home for recreation and pleasure that involves at least one overnight stay
Define the term renewable energy
Energy that comes from sources or processes that are constantly replenished
Define the non-renewable energy
Energy sources that will run out or will not be replenished in our lifetimes
Define the term fossil fuels
A fuel formed from the remains of former living things
Define the term soil erosion
The wearing away of the upper layer of soil often by wind or water
Define the term desertification
A decline in soil fertility characterised by an area becoming increasingly arid
Define the term enhanced global warming
Human activities that are adding to the warming of the atmosphere due to the greenhouse effect
Define the term sustainable development
Development that meets the needs of the present, without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
Define the term ecotourism
A form of tourism involving responsible travel to natural areas, conserving the environment
