AL - U6 Economic Transition Past Questions Flashcards
The table shows access to electricity in MICs and LICs, by region, in 2013.
Describe the regional distribution of population without access to electricity shown in the table.
Candidates should describe the regional distribution of population without access to electricity as shown in the first two columns of the table.
This involves the skill of identifying the relevant columns of data and giving data support to describe a distribution. References to urban and rural differences are not valid for this part of the question.
1 mark for each valid description with language of qualification.
2 marks for a valid description supported with data from Table 4.1. 3rd mark for some form of datamanipulation such as using the third column to interpret the
percentage without access to electricity or working out the percentage number of the whole for a named region.
The Figure is a photograph which shows a disused factory and new apartments in an area of Manchester, UK, an HIC in Europe.
Suggest how the Figure shows evidence for the impact of globalisation of economic activity.
Explain two socio-economic impacts of changes in the location of economic activity for HICs.
The figure is a photograph which shows an area of Lagos, Nigeria, an emerging newly industrialised country (NIC) in Africa.
Suggest how the figure shows Nigeria is an emerging newly
industrialised country (NIC).
Candidates should use Fig. 10.1 to provide evidence that Nigeria is an
emerging NIC. Comments should use language which suggests features
such as modern, large-scale, expensive, industrial/infrastructural
development, etc.
Evidence from the photograph should be used and developed to illustrate aspects of an emerging NIC, such as:
* evidence of construction, e.g. high-rise modern buildings to left side of
photograph (1) suggests modernisation as economy grows/increased
urbanisation (1)
* infrastructure, e.g. major road construction in foreground (1), evidence
of government spending (1)
* multi-lane highway/lots of vehicles
* using modern equipment such as the crane
* other high-rise buildings in the background
* oil/gas platform/very large structure in river/sea (1), evidence of
industrial development (1)
* other valid suggestions
Explain two positive impacts of changes in the location of economic
activity for newly industrialised countries (NICs).
Candidates should explain impacts, which can be economic, social or environmental. NICs have gained more secondary and tertiary economic activity through outsourcing and offshoring and other activities of TNCs. The impacts of these can only be positive, such as:
- increased employment opportunities and choices and the multiplier effect
- rising incomes and standard of living
- improved infrastructure and facilities for locals
- benefits of living in a more urbanised society
- access to upskilling and education
- benefits for employees (healthcare, schools, housing)
- more stable government and investment
- other valid impact
For top of Level 2, there should be some comment which is clearly in the
NIC context. This should be more than simply naming a country.
Max. 4 marks for one impact.
Award marks based on the quality of explanation and breadth of the
response using the marking levels below.
Level 3 (5–6)
Response clearly explains two positive impacts of changes in the location of
economic activity for newly industrialised countries (NICs). Response is well
founded in detailed knowledge and strong conceptual understanding of the
topic. Examples used are appropriate and integrated effectively into the
response.
The figure shows foreign direct investment (FDI) in world regions, 2017 and 2018.
Using the figure, compare the changes in FDI between 2017 and 2018 for the world regions shown.
Candidates should compare the changes in FDI for the world regions between 2017 and 2018.
For example:
* Most have little change
* Europe, though, has a very big change – decrease from $370bn to $100bn whereas others have small changes
* Latin America and the Caribbean, and Africa have the smallest changes in real terms (less than $20bn)
* North America, Latin America and the Caribbean, and Europe (3 out of the 5) have decreased
* Comment on rate of change, for example, for the two which increase, Africa has negligible increase and Asia has a noticeable increase
* Asia and Africa maintain their rank / Europe has the biggest change in rank, it falls from 2nd place in 2017 to 4th place in 2018
* Other
Award 1 mark for each point of comparison identified.
Explain how economic indicators can be used as a measure of social
and economic wellbeing.
Candidates should explain how economic indicators can be used to measure social and economic wellbeing.
Examples include:
* GDP, GNI, etc. can be used to give an idea of economic prosperity of a country. GNI shows national income which can be spent on public services and wellbeing.
* HDI includes GDP as part of its measure combined with social indicators. Therefore, it is considered a strong measure.
* Economic measures tend to be quantitative, not based on opinion, and can therefore be seen as reliable and measurable.
* PPP attempts to look at variations in the relative cost of living between countries.
* The GINI coefficient shows the distribution of wealth in a country which indicates economic (and possibly social) inequality.
* FDI can show growth in industry and development, which is usually a good sign of social and economic wellbeing.
Award marks based on the quality of explanation and breadth of the response using the marking levels below.
Level 3 (5–6)
Response explains how economic indicators can be used as a measure of social and economic wellbeing. Response is well founded in detailed knowledge and strong conceptual understanding of the topic. Examples used are appropriate and integrated effectively into the response.
The figure shows estimated female employment by sector, for the world,
1991–2018.
Describe the trends in female employment shown in the figure.
Candidates should identify the three trends and comment on relative rates of increase or decrease such as:
- Only services rise but agriculture and industry both fall (1)
- Service employment increased steadily/significantly (1) from (approximately) 38% to (approximately) 55% (+17%)
- Agriculture decreased rapidly overall/with one period of stability (1) from (approximately) 44% to (approximately) 27% (-17%)
- Industry has a slight overall decline (1) (19% to 18%) but has some slight rises, e.g. 2002 to 2006
- Services and agriculture cross over in 1995/96; agriculture was the largest sector in 1991 but services are the largest in 2018 (1)
Award 1 mark for comment on each sector. Reserve 1 mark for comment on
either the change in order of sectors or the use of manipulated data to
comment on the relative scale of the changes between at least two sectors.
Suggest reasons for the trends shown in the figure for female employment.
Suggest reasons for the trends shown in the figure for female employment.
Candidates should identify the reasons for the trends in female employment in the different sectors of industry.
Expect reasons such as:
* Reduction in world agricultural employment due to mechanisation
* Reduction in female agricultural employment due to improvements in female education and skills, therefore more doing service jobs
* Emancipation of women
* Small decline overall in industry as demand increases for consumer products and global population has increased. Demand for labour in LICs outweighs technology/robots in HICs
* Increase in services reflects global trend in the tertiary sector with links to development, modernisation, increase in affluence
* Any other valid reason
If reasons for one or two trends are given, or no reference to female,
maximum Level 2.
Award marks based on the quality of explanation and breadth of the
response using the marking levels below.
Level 3 (5–6)
Response contains clear explanation of trends in female employment
described in (a). Response is well founded in detailed knowledge and strong
conceptual understanding of the topic. Examples used are appropriate and
integrated effectively into the response.
The table shows contribution to GDP, by sector, for three MICs in Southeast Asia in 2017.
Using evidence from the table, contrast the level of economic development of the three countries.
Candidates should use evidence from Table 10.1 to contrast the level of
economic development of the three countries. This involves understanding of
how variations in the contribution to GDP from each economic sector shown
are linked to level of economic development, along with the skill of supporting
a judgement with data.
They might describe the level of economic development by suggesting a rank
order: Thailand is the most developed because it has the highest tertiary
percentage but the lowest in agriculture, whilst Cambodia is the least
developed since it has the highest percentage from agriculture but the lowest
from tertiary.
They might also consider each sector as an indicator of economic
development, e.g. agriculture suggests that Thailand is the most developed
because it is significantly lower than the other two.
Comment that all three countries have a relatively high contribution from
industry, indicating economic development has taken place supporting the
fact that they are MICs, is valid.
For full marks there must be clear reference to all three countries.
Explain three advantages of using economic indicators to measure
inequality between countries.
Candidates should explain three advantages of using economic indicators to
measure inequality between countries. Advantages may be of using economic indicators themselves and/or why they are an advantage over social indicators. Reference to composite indices is valid.
Explanations may include:
* Economic indicators are relatively easy to calculate
* Economic indicators give a number for easy comparison of countries
* Economic measurement has a long-term history
* Wealth is measured by economic indicators and this wealth can be used
to improve the quality of life
* Quality of life is made up of a variety of factors, some of which are economic
* No single indicator can provide a complete view of inequality
* Other
Explanation may be simple, developed, or well developed. One well developed explanation of an ‘advantage’ could achieve low Level 2, while for the max. there must be more than one indicator.
Award marks based on the quality of explanation and breadth of the response
using the marking levels below.
Level 3 (5–6)
Response explains three advantages of using economic indicators to measure inequality between countries, with at least one explanation being well developed. Response is well founded in detailed knowledge and strong conceptual understanding of the topic. Any examples used are appropriate and integrated effectively into the response.
The table shows income distribution for selected countries in Africa
in 2018.
Using evidence from the table, compare the income distribution of
the countries.
Candidates should compare income distribution between the countries.
- Tanzania has the most equal income distribution (1), Kenya is second / Botswana is third (1).
- Income distribution is similar in all three (1) declining from top to bottom (1).
- The least income in each of the three countries is held by the lowest group (1); the most income is held by the top 20% (1).
- The MICs are less equal than the LIC (1).
1 mark for a simple comparison from Table 10.1, and 2 marks for a
developed comparison.
Explain the advantages of using social indicators to measure
inequality between countries.
Candidates should explain the advantages of using social indicators to
measure inequality between countries. Advantages may be of using social
indicators themselves and/or why they are an advantage over economic
indicators. Reference to composite indices is valid.
Explanations may include:
* Social indicators put people first
* Social indicators reflect how a country uses its wealth to improve the quality of life
* Money/economic indicators do not guarantee happiness, health, etc.
* Quality of life is made up of a variety of factors, some of which are social
* No single indicator can provide a complete view of inequality
* Other
Award marks based on the quality of explanation and breadth of the
response using the marking levels below.
Level 3 (5–6)
Response clearly explains the advantages of using social indicators to
measure inequality between countries. Response is well founded in detailed
knowledge and strong conceptual understanding of the topic. Any examples
used are appropriate and integrated effectively into the response.
The figure shows the economic structures of Australia, India and Chad in 2017.
Compare the economic structures of the countries shown in the figure.
Candidates should identify differences and similarities, using data support, across the three pie charts. A full response will make reference to all three
countries.
For example:
* Australia is the least balanced economic structure (range of 4% primary to 72% tertiary & quaternary) (1), whereas Chad (15% s to 52% primary) and/or India (16% primary to 58% tertiary & quaternary) illustrate more balance (1)
* Australia and India have a similar structure: tertiary & quaternary is dominant (1), whereas Chad has primary as dominant (1)
* Australia and India are similar in proportions for secondary (24%, 26%) (1), whereas Chad is the smallest (15%) (1)
* Australia and India show a wider difference in primary and tertiary & quaternary (1)
* other valid comparisons
For comparisons of largest for each sector, max. 2.
1 mark for each valid comparison. Max. 2 for developed points.
Outline the roles of the primary sector and secondary sector in economic development.
Candidates should explain the roles of the primary and secondary sectors in economic development. Some reference to change over time is needed.
Reference to a model may be helpful as an illustration.
Each sector of the economy provides the capital for economic development. The secondary sector adds value to the resources provided by the primary sector or products from the secondary sector itself.
Factors include:
- Primary is initially high and becomes important when surplus capital is generated (becomes commercialised).
- Primary sector importance begins to diminish as secondary develops.
- Secondary relies on a continuous supply of raw materials from primary.
- Secondary industry fuels economic development as products have value added in manufacturing.
- As economies develop, mechanisation requires more skilled, knowledgeable and educated workers in both sectors, therefore a rise in educational attainment and higher wages can lead to a positive multiplier effect in the economy.
- Both primary and secondary require related service industries to support transport and sales effectively.
- Any other relevant comment.
Award marks based on the quality of explanation and breadth of the response using the marking levels below.
Level 3 (5–6)
Response clearly outlines the roles of the primary and secondary sectors in economic development. Response is well founded in detailed knowledge and strong conceptual understanding of the topic. Any examples used are appropriate and integrated effectively into the response.
The table shows hourly pay in manufacturing for selected countries in 1996 and 2016.
Compare the changes in hourly pay in manufacturing shown in the table.
Candidates should identify changes as shown on the table using data support and comparison of change. Individual changes could be described as follows:
* Japan is the only one that has gone down ($40 to $22)
* Brazil has seen the least change (increase of $0.5)
* USA started as second highest and is now highest
* South Korea has almost doubled, from $14 to $23.5
* China has seen the greatest percentage increase, approximately x 6, from $0.75 to $5.0
But credit comments which group the changes such as:
All/four/most have increased (1), apart from Japan which has decreased (1), but Brazil has only increased just $0.5 (1).
The question refers to changes in hourly pay and therefore comments related to level of economic development are not relevant.
1 mark for each valid comparison. Reserve one mark for a statement to the effect that Japan is the only country to have a fall in hourly pay.
Max. 2 marks for comparisons without data support.
The figure shows the rural access index (RAI) in Nepal, an LIC in Asia, in 2015.
Describe the pattern of the RAI shown in the figure.
Candidates should describe the pattern of rural access on the map. This involves the skill of determining aspects of pattern and describing it using reference points such as the compass, borders with neighbouring countries or urban areas.
Reserve 1 mark for a generalised comment such as: the overall pattern is of decline south to north/or from the border with India towards the north with 1 mark for each further valid description of pattern such as: higher in urban areas; lower on border with China; lower on the
western and eastern borders; a core in the centre of higher access; or identification of anomalies.
Suggest ways in which the pattern of rural access shown in the figure might have led to variations in regional development within Nepal.
Candidates should suggest ways in which the pattern of rural access might have led to variations in regional development within Nepal. They are not expected to know any specific reasons or any specific variations within Nepal and therefore any reasonable variations are acceptable but may use information from Fig. 10.1 to support the response. It would be reasonable to suggest that the highest levels of regional development would be linked to rural areas with higher access and lower levels of development associated with lower access. Comment on the capital having higher levels of development is valid as would comment that the variations around the capital mean that there may not be a core as there are around other capital cities.
Ways might include:
variations in access links to ease or not of the movement of raw materials, labour or finished goods; border areas have varying access which might promote or deter regional development;
rural areas near the urban centres have better access promoting the movement of people, resources and goods or other valid ways.
Award marks based on the quality of explanation and breadth of the response using the marking levels below.
Level 3 (5–6) Response suggests a range of ways or develops two ways well to explain how the pattern of rural access might have led to variations in regional
development. Response is well founded in detailed knowledge and strong conceptual understanding of the topic. Examples used are appropriate and integrated effectively into the response.
The figure shows top-performing and bottom-performing regions, by measures of wellbeing, in Australia, an HIC in Asia-Pacific, compared to all OECD regions, in 2015.
Compare the wellbeing performance of the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) with that of the Northern Territory (NT) in the figure.
Candidates should compare the ACT with the NT. Expect comparisons such as:
- overall ACT performs better than the NT (Reserve mark)
- ACT is top in 4 categories, all top 20% for OECD
- NT is bottom in 5 categories, 2 of which are bottom 20% for the OECD
- NT performs top for 1 category, Community (therefore above ACT)
- both ACT and NT are in top 20% OECD for Civic Engagement
- other valid comparison
1 mark for each valid comparison. Up to 2 marks for the use of comparative
data support.
Suggest reasons why the information about wellbeing in the figure combines statistical data with results from surveys of people.
Candidates should suggest reasons for combining statistical data with the results of surveys of people. The answer does not have to be comprehensive to gain full marks.
The two measures collected by surveys of people are: community and life satisfaction.
Candidates are not given any indication that these are the two measures collected in this way and can score full marks without referring to these specifically as examples of measures of wellbeing collected by surveys of people.
Reasons might include:
* statistical data (quantitative data) is based on numerical factual data, but surveys (qualitative data) are opinions based on questions asked of people
* surveys are subjective and there is high variation of opinion, whereas statistical data is objective
* surveys can have inaccuracies as people may choose to give false information so may not be reliable and need to be backed up by quantitative data
* high standard of living does not necessarily correlate to a high quality of life, therefore qualitative data brings an important aspect/dimension
* material conditions such as income don’t indicate how happy a person is; this can be demonstrated through surveying people
* surveys can be turned into statistical data
Award marks based on the quality of explanation and breadth of the response using the marking levels below.
For full marks reference to both use of these two as measures and the use of questioning people must be included within the response. Two well developed reasons could gain full marks.
Level 3 (5–6)
Response suggests a range of reasons or develops two reasons well why the information about wellbeing combines statistical data with results from surveys of people. Response is well founded in detailed knowledge and strong conceptual understanding of the topic. Examples used are appropriate and integrated effectively into the response.
