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Immunology Block 2 > Ig Genetics > Flashcards

Ig Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

exons for light chain

A

V & J

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2
Q

exons for H chain

A

V & D & J

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3
Q

when you get germline DNA, myou will encounter

A

gene segments

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4
Q

gene segments

A

what encodes L and H chains

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5
Q

at dna level a b cells says “i’m no longer going to be like any other cell in the body, i’m going to create my own pacakge”

A

V and J segments, can choose the V and J and rearrange them at DNA level

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6
Q

for heavy chain it’s similar with key main difference that V region chooses from

A

3 areas

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7
Q

light chain b ell gets to choose from

A

V and J

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8
Q

Heavy chain chooses from

A

V, D, J

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9
Q

how many different choices for heavy chain do we have

A

9

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10
Q

L and H chains are encoded by

A

gene segments

NOT gene

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11
Q

how many types of light chains

A

2

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12
Q

at DNA level choose region by selection and then can do

A

transcription

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13
Q

after transcription

A

RNA splicing

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14
Q

after mRNA

A

translation

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15
Q

after translation

A

H or L chain protein

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16
Q

all of today’s lecture and all these notecards are regarding

A

pre-antigen exposure

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17
Q

a number of V choices, so all cells have a bunch of different V gene segments, J gene segments, and heavy chain will also have

A

D gene segments

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18
Q

when particular stem cell says they want to be B cell what is firs thing that will happen

A

somatic recombination

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19
Q

somatic recombination

A

will help loop out DNA, it is excised as circle - it is gone forever

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20
Q

what is excised from somatic recombination is

A

gone forever

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21
Q

after somatic recombination you have

A

V1J2 rearranged gene

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22
Q

light chains have choice of

A

lambda or kappa

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23
Q

heavy chains have choice of

A

V, D, J, C

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24
Q

for lambda have a bunch of what choices

A

V segments - around 30

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25
Q

lambda and kappa etc are at what level

A

germline DNA level

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26
Q

how many choices for kappa

A

35 choices for V segments
5 choices for J
one C

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27
Q

how many V segment choices for heavy

A

40

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28
Q

how many D segment chocies for heavy chain

A

23

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29
Q

how many J segment choices for heavy chain

A

6

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30
Q

when you make a heavy IgM it will either have what light chain

A

kappa or lambda, not both

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31
Q

when there is chocie for rearrangement for gene segments it is

A

final

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32
Q

VJ rearranged segment of light chain DNA is going to become

A

V region of protein level of light chain

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33
Q

what are going to form variable domain through DNA rearrangment or somatic recombination

A

VJ or VDJ

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34
Q

what in light chain forms at protein level the variable domain

A

VJ

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35
Q

what in heavy chain forms at protein level the variable domain

A

VDJ

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36
Q

go through steps starting with germline DNA to polypeptide chain

A

pg 13

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37
Q

IgM has how many constant regions

A

4

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38
Q

each constant region coded by separate

A

exon

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39
Q

C(L) will be a part of

A

constant region of light chain

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40
Q

when you look at different regions, ex: in light chain decide want to be B cell and need to choose particular V and J, the process of this is mediated by

A

flanking DNA sequences

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41
Q

what are some of the bad things that could happen with the recombinatino to make b cells

A

cancer

autoimmune

42
Q

Recombination Signal Sequences

A

the heptamer and nonamer surrounding

43
Q

the rule for things to go well

A

spacer in between RSS

44
Q

RSS stands for

A

recombination signal sequences

45
Q

spacer is always going to be

A

23 or 12

46
Q

will always combine spacer of what number to another spacer of what number

A

12 to 23

47
Q

heptamer and nonamer are going to be

A

what joins the segments together

48
Q

will you ever see spcer with 23 joining another spacer of 23

A

no

49
Q

RAG protein is only on

A

in very specific cells - specifically b and t cells

50
Q

RAG does what

A

mediates the random recombination of gene segments

it mediates the creation of the loop

51
Q

what creates the loop connecting the V it wants with J it wants

A

RAG-1/2

52
Q

RAG-1/2 binds

A

RSS

53
Q

how many potential antibodies just by all the V and D and J choices, how many potential proteins?

A

1.6 million

54
Q

how many different t cell/bcell can we have

A

a billion

55
Q

how does cell go from having 1.6 million options to a billion

A

DNA hairpin forms when two segments are being joined together, and it flips open, generating palindromic nucleotide
b/c it’s not perfect now it gives us more combinations.
TdT out of nowhere will make nucleotides - will change the end of p-nucleotides to make n-nucleotides
and we have a billion possibilities

56
Q

what is p nucleotide

A

palindromic nucleotide

57
Q

Tdt will do what

A

make new nucleotides

58
Q

TdT stands for

A

Terminal deoxynucleotidyl Transferase

59
Q

N-nucleotides are added by

A

TdT

60
Q

P-nucleotides added by

A

Rag

61
Q

unpaired nucleotides are removed by

A

exonuclease

62
Q

what will fill in gaps in DNA

A

DNA polymerase and DNA ligase

63
Q

what are the effects of p-nucleotide and n-nucleotdie addition

A

Removal or addition of nucleotides at the end of a gene segment can enhance antibody diversity but may also result in premature chain termination.

64
Q

CDR is what

A

complementary determining region

65
Q

what is other name for CDR

A

HV (hypervariable region)

66
Q

what determine the antigen specificity of Ig moelcule

A

hypervariable region

67
Q

CDR3 has

A

a lot of PN nucleotides - most diverse and most important in binding with the epitope

68
Q

CDR1, CDR2, CDR3 all are involved in

A

binding of epitope

69
Q

in light chain what are V and J segments connected by

A

just P nucleotides

70
Q

In heavy chains what are segments connected by

A

P and N nucleotides

71
Q

antibodies are expressed on cell surface are expressed as membrane anchored

A

glycoprotein

72
Q

the heavy and light chains are assembled where

A

ER

73
Q

once you brought together DJ segments you will be

A

B cell

74
Q

what are the stages for B cell maturation

A

lymphoid stem cell
Pro-B
Pre-B

75
Q

pre-b you will express

A

real and final heavy chain

76
Q

what is surrogate light chain

A

its like a practice light chain

77
Q

what are components of surrogate light chain

A

VpreB

lambda5

78
Q

what is allelic exclusion

A

if you use mom’s allele you shut down dad’s allele. or same for opposite. b/c you have one chain ready

79
Q

what stage does allelic exclusion happen

A

pre-BCR

80
Q

Ig beta and alpha are signal chains that contain

A

ITAM

81
Q

what is difference b/w pre-BCR and IgM

A

surrogate light chain

82
Q

draw out b cell maturation prior to antigen exposure

A

pg 31

83
Q

why is immature b cell immature

A

doesn’t have IgD on it yet

84
Q

what is H chain configuration for Pro-BCR

A

DJ rearranged

85
Q

if antibody is created and it’s against self, does the body want it? what happens

A

no - they are tested and if they are against self they die

86
Q

before you become mature B you are

A

tested - to see if you are against self

87
Q

VDJ will become

A

variable region

88
Q

if you are a B cell you will for sure make

A

IgM IgD

89
Q

there are different exons that code for

A

IgM and IgD. (as well as IgA, IgE, etc. but IgM and IgD are what are made before antigen exposure)

90
Q

what will happen prior to antigen exposure

A

will make mu and delta (M and D)

91
Q

what will happen after antigen exposure

A

will make other parts of the chromosome, gamma, alpha, epsilon

92
Q

making mature IgM and IgD by what process

A

alternative splicing

93
Q

how many constant regions of IgM chain

A

4

94
Q

how many exons for delta

A

four

95
Q

primary transcript has RNA that contains

A

all exons for M and all exons for D

96
Q

once you have RNA you can do alternative splicing and you choose

A

if you want to make IgM or IgD, so you would splice out one or the other.

97
Q

DNA of IgM and IgD will remain

A

the same

98
Q

primary RNA transcript will remain the

A

same

99
Q

what is another name for mature B cell

A

naive

100
Q

what are on memory B cells

A

IgG, IgA, IgE

“GAE”

101
Q

review summary slide

A

pg 35

Immunology Block 2 (7 decks)

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