Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Immunology Block 2 > Humoral Immunity > Flashcards

Humoral Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

what is clonal expansion

A

once BCR binds to antigen and it starts to proliferate (go through mitosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

once BCR binds antigen it will secrete

A

low levels of IgM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the significance of IgM being secreted

A

signifies early phase of humoral immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the costmulators that will be expressed after BCR binds antigen

A

B7 costimulators

increased expression of cytokine receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

where do cytokine receptors migrate to

A

T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

increased expression of costimulators and cytokine receptors lead to

A

reactivation of t cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

a t cell will do nothing unless

A

recognizing antigen present by MHC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

TI-1 antigen tend to induce

A

polyclonal b cell activation

they activate b cell regardless of specificity of b cell receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

ex of TI-1 antigen

A

LPS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

do TI-2 antigens induce polyclonal b cell activation

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

TI-2 antigens require

A

repeating epitopes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

ex of TI-2 antigen

A

pneumonal polysaccharide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

TD antigen require

A

t cell help for optimal production of antibody

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

important feature of TD antigen

A

can generate antigen specific responses (in infants?)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

kids under two, their bodies have really hard time recognizeing

A

TI-2 antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how are vaccines given to children for pneumococcal polysaccharide (pnemonia)

A

its TI-2 antigen so their body is bad at recognizing it, have to trick their body into having a response. have to link the TI-2 antigen and basically convert it to TD antigen b/c link it to polypeptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

there is no antibody response to what in kids under 2

A

pure polysaccharide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

TD antigen response require help from

A

CD4 T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

TD antibody response, after it finds antibody it will give rise to

A

plasma cells & memory B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

affinity of antibody secreted after help from T cell is much higher than

A

affinity of antigen secreted earlier in T cell indepdent phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

once b and t cell are activated what will happen

A

they will migrate towards each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

b and t cells migrate toward each other, what happens next

A

t cell help for TD antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

after first t cell b cell interaction the b cell is going to

A

start to mutate the rearrange vj and vdj chain and generate antibody of higher affinity than the original antibody that was secreted against the antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

the second t cell and be cell interaction will result in

A

isotype switching

now b cell will not make IgM, it will make isotype more appropriate for the pathogen we are dealing with

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

infection in respiratory what Ig would b cell make

A

IgA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

if infection in tissue what Ig would b cell make

A

IgG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

after second b cell t cell interaction what cells will be made

A

plasma cells

memory b cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

for TD resonse need to activate

A

CD4 T cell (helper)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

where does activation of CD4 happen

A

paracortex of lymph node

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

activation of CD4 mediated by

A

dendritic cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

activated CD4 T will do what

A

provide help to B cell once activated through its BCR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

for B cell to receive signals it has to

A

reactivate CD4T cell (so it is functioning as APC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

where does first B cell T cell interaction take place

A

edge of paracortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

once b cell binds CD4 what does it do

A

migrate to follicle and start to mutate the rearranged VJ and VDJ of its BCR (antibody response is maturing)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

affinity maturation of Ig response is what

A

when B cell rearranges its VD and VDJ chains after interacting with CD4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

after BCR is mutated to have higher affinity, what happens

A

second B cell T cell interaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

where does second B cell T cell interaction take place

A

in the follicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

a single dendritic cell can present antigen to

A

multiple T cells at one time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

FDC stands for

A

follicular dendritic cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

don’t confuse FDC with

A

dendritic cell! they are very different

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

when B cells are traveling down and they encoutner FDC what do they do

A

scan it to see if it has antigen that the B cell can use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

b cells become activated on surface of

A

FDC in B cell area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

T cells become activated by

A

dendritic cells in paracotex of lymph node or in T cel area in genearl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

once T cells activated, they migrate

A

towards B cells, and B cells toward T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

when the T and B cells meet B cell acts as

A

APC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

signal 1 of B cell T cell interaction is delivered through

A

BCR and co-receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

signal 2 of B cell T cell interaction is delivered through

A

CD40L (ligand)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

where is CD40L found

A

surface of T cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

CD40L is only expressed

A

briefly on T cell following it’s activation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

why does B cell need to reactivate T cell

A

so that CD40L will be re-expressed on it’s surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

where is CD40 located

A

on B cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

when CD40 and CD40L bind what happens

A

stimualtes T cell to secrete cytokines towards B cell, they will dictate what will happen in next stage of antibody response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

CD40 CD40L interaction crucial fo

A

generation of antibody

isotype switching

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

B cell is stimulated to proliferate in response to

A

cytokine secreted by T cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

what is one of the most important cytokines secreted by helper t cell

A

interleukin 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

interleukin 4 is

A

main cytokine that promotes B cell proliferation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

what is main cytokine that promotes B cell proliferation

A

interleukin 4

58
Q

after the second interaction with t cell what does b cell do

A

returns to follicle, follicle becomes secondary follicle, enlarges, intense proliferation, ultimately will give rise to germinal center

59
Q

germinal center is site of

A

intense b cell proliferation and death of b cells

60
Q

Tfh stands for

A

follicular helper t cell

61
Q

what doe Tfh do

A

helps the b cells that survive the intense proliferation to undergo isotype switching

62
Q

following activation of b cells in secondary lymphoid tissue, produce on surface of B cell the BCR and will start to secret

A

immunoglobulin

63
Q

initial immunoglobulin secreted

A

IgM

64
Q

T dependent response is characterized by

A

increase in affinity of antibody that is produced over the course of the response

65
Q

affinity maturation is result of

A

mutation

66
Q

mutation is focused on

A

rearranged VJ and VDJs

67
Q

rate of mutation occurs at

A

much higher rate of mutation than normal mutation,

68
Q

process of mutation is called

A

somatic hypermutation or SHM

69
Q

SHM stands for

A

somatic hypermutation

70
Q

SMH is

A

molecular mechanism that gives rise to affinity maturation of antibody response

71
Q

after b cells that are now secreting high affinity Ig have been selected they will receive help

A

again from T cells - now isotype switching

72
Q

isotype switching

A

B cells switchin from producing IgM to another isotype

73
Q

following receipt of T cell help the ratio of amoutn of antibody by B cell to BCR

A

increase (secreting a lot mroe antibody!)

74
Q

b cells that have mutated their VJ and VDJ so they produce higher affinity antibody will now

A

interact again with T cells - follicular helper T cells - cause isotype switching

75
Q

after isotype switching, what happens

A

differentiate into memory and plasma cells

76
Q

what kinds of mutations introduced in SHM

A

point mutations

77
Q

effect of point mutations during SHM

A

unknown - they could have no affect on affinity, decrease affinity, or have incrreased affinity of antibody produced

78
Q

after SHM have to

A

select for the b cells that have mutated their variable regions so they bind to antigen with higher affinity

79
Q

what enzyme is needed to induce the point mutations during SHM

A

AID - activation-induced cytidine deaminase

80
Q

what does AID stand for

A

activation induced cytidine deaminase

81
Q

what happens to b cells that have not increased the affinity of their surface Ig

A

DEATH

the hunger games

82
Q

the mutated b cells that contact the antigen get

A

survival signal

83
Q

what does AID do

A

deaminates cytidine resiudes in DNA
so makes C to U
the mismatch is then repaired

84
Q

during isotype switching what happens to light chain

A

it is unaffected

the variable region doesn’t change

85
Q

why is IgM always the first one produced

A

just b/c it lie nearest to the VDJ

86
Q

isotype switching is dependent on

A

T cell

microenviornment

87
Q

describe what happens during isotype switching

A

transcription of H chain constant region genes and loss of intervening DN. variable region is not altered!

88
Q

AID induces nicks in DNA where

A

switch regions

89
Q

where are switch regions located

A

upstream of the constant region (except Cdelta)

90
Q

the DNA that lies b/w the constant DNA and the segment we are switching to, what happens to it?

A

it gets looped out and is excised from the chrom. DNA is permanently modified

91
Q

class switch recombination only happens in what cell

A

B cell

92
Q

is the reading frame ever affected in isotype switching?

A

no

93
Q

describe the secretion of cytokine from T cell

A

it is directional. it is pointed at the B cell at the point of contact

94
Q

where does SMH occur

A

in centroblasts in dark zone of germinal center

95
Q

what is a centroblast

A

activated b cell that is large and proliferating in the germinal center

96
Q

once mutation has finished and b cell express the mutated b cell receptor the cell is now called

A

centrocyte

97
Q

centrocyte have to compete to do what

A

to bind to antigen on dendritic cells, the ones that mutated and have high affinity outcompete and live!

98
Q

the surviving b cell (after competition) will express what

A

bcl - it is anti-apoptotic

99
Q

the isotype the b cell will switch to is dictated by what

A

the cytokines made by the t cell

100
Q

TGFbeta promotes

A

class switching to IgA

101
Q

cytokines secreted by T cells dictate whether B cell differentiate into

A

memory or plasma cells

102
Q

What does IL-10 do in regards to t cell and b cell

A

promotes differentiation of b cell into plasma cell

103
Q

What does IL-4 do in regards to t cell and b cell

A

promotes differentiation of b cell into memory cell

104
Q

disease that does not allow b cell to switch from IgM to another isotype

A

X-linked Hyper IgM syndrome

105
Q

mutation in CD40L will have what disease

A

X-linked Hyper IgM syndrome

106
Q

X-linked Hyper IgM syndrome

describe

A

normal number of t and b cells
only IgM, no class switching
mutated CD40L
no germinal centers

107
Q

following exposure to pathogen, we will get initial burst of

A

IgM followed by class switching

108
Q

level of antibody generated during primary response is maximal when

A

10-12 days following exposure to antigen

109
Q

antibody level 10-12 days and after, hwat will level be after

A

the level of antibody will persist

110
Q

what is the functin of having the antibody level stay high after infection is gone

A

protection

111
Q

memory cells will provide protection against

A

rexposure

112
Q

where do plasma cells go

A

migrate to variety of site and secrete antibody into plasma

most important might be bone marrow

113
Q

plasma cells that migrate to bone marrow

A

account for 1/2 of circulating Ig

114
Q

about 1/2 of Ig in plasma resluts from Ig secretion by plasma cells that have

A

migrated to bone marrow

115
Q

t cell are activated in

A

paracortex

116
Q

b cells are activated in

A

follicles

117
Q

once t cell is activated what happens to the population

A

expands - make a lot more fo them that are specific for the antigen

118
Q

effector t and b cells by far

A

outnumber the memory t and b cells

119
Q

in individuals prior to exposure of antigen, the frequency of antigen specific b cells that are capable of reacting agains the antigen are

A

low

120
Q

whichever you clss switch to will be decided by

A

cytokines

121
Q

affinity of antibody produced in primary response

A

low

122
Q

affinity of antibody toward end of primary response

A

increases

123
Q

in secondary response, much higher frequency of

A

antigen reactive cells

124
Q

isotype of antibody produced during secondary response is generally

A 
IgA, G, or E (class switched)
but some IgM can be produced
125
Q

as a result of the somatic hypermutation that occurs towards the end of the primary response, the affinity of antibody secreted during secondary response

A

is much much higher than affinity produced during primary response

126
Q

why is affinity so much higher during secondary response

A

somatic hypermutation

127
Q

why is secondary response dominated by IgG, A, E?

A

during secondary response the naive b cells that are capable of reacting against the antigen, their activation is inhibited b/c naive b cells express negative coreceptor

128
Q

memory b cells do not have

A

negative co-receptor

129
Q

within a week or so of infection will get detectible levels of

A

low affinity IgM

130
Q

somatic mutation doesn’t just happen once,

A

it keeps happening, a constant thing of somatic hypermutation and selection, so b cells are cycling b/w light and dark zone

131
Q

where is somatic hypermutation happenign

A

dark zone

132
Q

the migration of t cells and b cells during t dependent response is controlled by

A

chemokines binding to chemokine receptors

133
Q

in response to cytokines produced by t cells

A

b cells will proliferate

134
Q

ultimately what will happen to germinal center

A

it will be broken up so the follicle can be used again

135
Q

isotype switching is dependent on what enzyme

A

AID

136
Q

when re-expose to antigen, within a few days

A

have levels of high affinity antibody, equivalent to levels at peak of primary response, then secrete even higher levels of antibody

137
Q

during late primary response get production of

A

IgG

138
Q

what is dominant isotype during most secondary response

A

IgG

139
Q

because IgM is hallmark of primary response, production of IgM usually indicates you have

A

active infection

140
Q

IgG detection usuallly indictates

A

it doesn’t necesarilly mean there’s an active infection. it can be maintained for many months following infection

Immunology Block 2 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions