IFR Trouble Areas Flashcards
Pitot-Static Failure:
What will happen if your Pitot Tube AND Drain hole are blocked?
The Airspeed Indicator will act as an altimeter:
Airspeed will INCREASE during a climb, DECREASE during a descent. No longer reliable
Pitot-Static Failure:
What will happen if just your Pitot Tube is blocked but the drain hole is open?
The Airspeed Indicator will drop to zero
Pitot-Static Failure:
What will happen to your instruments if all your Static Ports are blocked?
Airspeed:
- At altitudes above the failure, it will read lower than normal
- At altitudes BELOW the failure it will read higher than normal
- Inverse effect, higher means lower, lower means higher
Altimeter:
- Freezes at the failure altitude
VSI:
- Gradually reduces to ZERO and freezes
Airspeed = Altitude
What will happen to your instruments when using the Alternate Static source?
Airspeed:
- Will read higher than normal
Altimeter:
- Will read slightly higher than normal
VSI:
- Will momentarily indicate a climb
*Pressure inside the cabin is lower than pressure outside
What can be said about the pressure readings from the Static Ports vs the Alternate Static Source and why?
- The pressure from the Alternate Static Source will be lower than the pressure from the Static Ports
- This is because of the Venturi Effect of fast moving air flowing around the fuselage, thus the air pressure inside the cabin is lower than the air pressure outside
What are the different types of Hypoxia?
Hypoxic - Altitude/pressure
Hypemic - Carbon Monoxide (CO) poisoning or blood loss
Histotoxic - Alcohol/drugs
Stagnant - G-force, limbs fall asleep
What is Hypoxia broadly speaking?
An oxygen deficiency in the blood cells (brain)
What are the symptoms of Hypoxia (10)?
- Confusion
- Drowsiness
- Headache
- Lightheaded/Dizzy/foggy brain
- Tingly sensation
- Sweating
- Poor coordination
- Impaired Judgement
- Tunnel vision
- Euphoria
- Blue fingers & Lips (Cyanosis)
What is Hypoxic Hypoxia?
At higher altitudes there’s less pressure, therefore less oxygen is able to be pressed into the membranes of the lungs for use by the body and brain.
What is Hypemic Hypoxia?
Inability of the blood to carry Oxygen molecules (normally caused by anemia or blood loss)
Carbon Monoxide poisoning causes this:
- CO molecules attach themselves to the blood cells and block them from absorbing oxygen molecules
What is Histotoxic Hypoxia?
Cells inside the body cannot effectively use oxygen
Caused by Alcohol or Drugs
What is Stagnant Hypoxia
Oxygen deficiency due to lack of circulation
Caused by G-Forces, Cold temperatures, or limbs falling asleep
How might the effects of altitude be different at night and why?
- Night vision can begin to deteriorate at altitudes as low as 5,000 ft
- This is because the Rods in our eyes, the cells responsible for night vision, are more sensitive to oxygen deficiency than the Cones
What is Hyperventilation why does it occur?
- A rapid increase in rate of breathing, that can eventually result in unconsciousness
- An excessive amount of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is being exhaled from the body
**Symptoms are similar to Hypoxia
How much time of useful consciousness can you expect to have up to 20,000ft in a Hypoxia scenario?
PHAK
At least 30 mins, maybe more.
Depending on altitude. (PHAK Chart, 17-4)
What are the symptoms of Hyperventilation?
PHAK
- Visual Impairment
- Eventual unconsciousness
- Lightheaded/Dizzy
- Tingly sensation
- Hot & Cold sensation
- Muscle Spasms
What are the remedies for Hyperventilation?
- Conscious effort to slow breathing rate
- Breath into a bag
- Talk out loud
What are the equipment and entry requirements for Class A airspace?
PHAK 15-9
Entry:
1. IFR rated
2. IFR flight plan
3. ATC clearance
Equipment:
1. Two-way radio
2. Transponder with at least Mode C
3. ADS-B Out
4. Aircraft must be IFR equipped
What are the equipment and entry requirements for Class B airspace?
PHAK 15-9
Entry:
1. ATC clearance
2. Hold at least a PPL (to operate at primary airport), unless specific requirements are met
Equipment:
1. Two-way radio
2. Transponder with at least Mode C
3. ADS-B Out
What are the equipment and entry requirements for Class C airspace?
Entry:
1. Establish Two-way radio comms
Equipment:
1. Two-way radio
2. Transponder Mode C
3. ADS-B Out
*Satellite Airports
- Towered: Maintain comms with tower
- Untowered: Establish comms with Class C as soon as practicable
What are the equipment and entry requirements for Class D airspace?
Entry:
1. Establish Two-way radio comms
Equipment:
1. Two-way radio
What are the most prominent types of NOTAMs?
Boldmethod & CFI Notebook
- D NOTAM - Domestic or Distant NOTAMS: Navigational Facilities, Public Use airports
- FDC NOTAM - Flight Data Center NOTAMS: Instrument Approaches & Airways
- SAA NOTAM - Special Activity Airspace NOTAMS: When Special use airspace is active outside of normal times
- Military NOTAM - Pertinent to US military Nav Aids & Airports
- GPS NOTAM - GPS & WAAS related
What is a D NOTAM?
Domestic or Distant NOTAM
Relays information on all Nav Aids and Airports such as..
- RWY/Taxiway closures
- VGSI lighting
- Taxiway lights
- Field conditions
- VORs & NDBs
What is an FDC NOTAM?
Flight Data Center NOTAM
Relays information on Instrument Approach Procedures & Aeronautical charts such as..
- Airway structure changes
- IAP changes (mins ETC)
- DP & STAR changes
- TFRs
- Laser light activity
What is an SAA NOTAM?
Special Activity Airspace NOTAM
Relays information related to Airspace being activated outside of normally published times, like SUA.
What is a Military NOTAM?
A NOTAM published which concerns military Nav Aids or Military airports
What is a GPS NOTAM? What does ‘GPS Unreliable’ mean?
A NOTAM concerning GPS/WAAS outages, testing & anomalies.
- GPS Unreliable means that the expected level of service may not be available and pilots should GPS adequacy and should have ground based navigation equipment available
EMERGENCY:
List the items (11) to be completed during an Engine Failure in Flight
- Best glide, 88 Kts
- Flaps up
- Suitable landing site
- Voter switch check
- Fuel Pump ON
- Fuel Valve NORMAL
- Alternate air (if required)
- Fuel Quantity CHECKED
- Fuel Transfer Pump (if required)
- Electronic Master ON
- Engine Master ON
**Proceed with Emergency Landing with Engine Off checklist
EMERGENCY:
List the items (4) to be completed during an Engine Fire in Flight
- Cabin Heat OFF
- Suitable Landing Site
- Fuel Valve OFF
- Power Lever MAX
**Proceed with non-memory items listed in QRC
EMERGENCY:
List the items (4) to be completed during a Smoke in the Cabin scenario
- Emergency Battery ON
- Avionics Master OFF
- Electronic Master OFF
- Cabin Heat OFF
** Proceed with non-memory items listed in QRC
What are the training requirements for an IR applicant under part 141?
FAR 141 Appx C
- 35hrs flight training (61: 40+50hrs Xcountry), of which more than 40% cannot be in a FTD. All time must be with CFII
- 30 hrs of ground training
- 250 NM cross country, with at least one leg being a straight line distance of 100 NM. (along airways/ATC routing, IAP at each airport, 3 kinds of IAPs)
- Have a PPL or be working towards one
- Valid medical
- Read write speak understand english
What is required to be completed in the IFR training Cross Country flight?
FAR 141 Appx C
- 250 NM total
- One leg must be at least 100 NM
- Must be along airways or ATC directed routing
- IAP at each airport of landing
- 3 Different kinds of IAPs
What are the general requirements for obtaining an IFR rating?
FAR 61.65 & FAR 141 Appx C
- Read, write, speak English
- Receive ground training (30hrs 141)
- Receive logbook endorsement for test
- Passed written test
- Completed flight hour requirement (35hrs 141)
- Completed 250 NM X country flight
- Pass the Practical test
When is an IFR rating required?
FAR 61.3, 61.133, 91,135, 91.157
- When under an IFR flight plan
- When less than VFR mins
- When in Class A airspace
- Special VFR at night (sunset/sunrise)
- When carrying pax for hire on X country flights greater than 50 NM OR at Night