Approaches: General Flashcards
Under what circumstances would you NOT perform a procedure turn?
S - Straight in
H - Hold in lieu
A - DME Arc
R - Radar vectors
P - No PT
T - Timed approach
T - Teardrop course reversal
What are three broad categories of Approaches?
- Precision
- APV = Provides vertical guidance
- Non-Precision = Does not provide vertical guidance, or vertical guidance is advisory only
What are the different types of Non-RNAV Approaches?
- ILS
- Localizer
- VOR (VORTAC, VOR/DME)
- NDB
- LDA
BONUS
6. SDF (Simplified Directional Facility)
7. ASR & PAR
What are the two main ways in which an IAP can be procedurally flown?
- Full Approach
- Radar Vectors (common when available)
Do you need a specific ATC clearance to perform an Approach if you are given a Cruise clearance?
No, the cruise clearance allows you to select any approach at the destination you can perform.
What are two things a Cruise clearance allow for?
- Allows us to select any approach at our destination without the need for a specific ATC clearance
- Allows us to fly at any altitude between the minimum altitude listed (MOCA/MEA), and the altitude you were originally cleared for.
How will an approach work, in general, when at a towered airport with an approach control facility?
1.You will likely be told what approach to expect ahead of time.
2. You will most likely be vectored to the final approach course directly, or from an Arrival procedure
3. Clearance for an approach is normally issued with the final vector for intercepting the approach course
4. If you have not been given clearance and you are nearing the approach course, query ATC
*Do not join any part of an IAP without being cleared for the IAP unless directed otherwise by ATC
*ATC may need you to CROSS (delay vectors) the final approach course for spacing and sequencing
What should you do if you are cleared for an approach very late, without being fully prepared for it?
You should request Delay Vectors
When is Radar service terminated at both a towered and non towered airport?
- Non Towered = When advised to change to advisory frequency (“radar services terminated”)
- Towered = Upon landing
What is a Radar Instrument Approach?
An approach in which the aircraft is Radar vectored down to minimums
What are the two types of Radar Instrument approaches?
- PAR - Precision (Azimuth and elevation provided). This is a Precision approach
- ASR - Surveillance (Azimuth only). This is a Non-Precision approach
Under what circumstances will would you be given a Radar approach such as a PAR or ASR?
Upon request, ATC may offer one, or in an emergency situation (loss of nav equip)
What is a No-Gyro approach?
An approach requiring radar service in which the pilot is given basic radar vectors to final.
*used mainly in an emergency scenario when loss of gyroscopic heading information occurs.
How should a Radar Instrument Approach or No-Gyro approach be performed?
- Standard rate turns..
UNTIL turned on to final approach
- Then make half-standard rate turns
What is Precision Runway Monitoring? (PRM)
An approach where accurate radar monitoring provides advisories during standard approaches (ILS PRM)
- Require special pilot training
- Used at some closely spaced parallel RWYs.
- ATC will give you progress alerts on the approach and any additional advisories
- ATC will require you to monitor a specific freq for the advisories
When should you begin descending to the next altitude on an approach?
- Not until you have crossed the associated fix
- As soon as you are established (approach guidance is within half scale deflection) on the approach course
When are you considered established on the approach?
Once you are within Half Scale on the CDI
When should you Load the approach?
When…
1. Told to expect the approach
2. When it can be reasonably assumed what approach will be conducted
When should you ARM the approach?
When CLEARED for it!
What is an importance item to remember when the missed approach procedure requires us to navigate to a secondary VOR?
DON’T for get to set the secondary VOR in NAV2 or standby and select your radial!!
How do you Arm the approach?
Select the APR softkey and check your AP indicator to ensure that it armed properly
When will the AP switch from HDG mode to LOC mode on an approach?
- With the approach armed and when the Localizer comes alive
How do you ensure the GPS/AP will fly the MAP?
- Make sure the approach is loaded and activated properly
- Press TOGA
- Press PROC and hit activate missed
- Press SUSP button if the GPS has suspended the approach
What is a Timed Approach?
When ATC tells you to hold on somewhere on the IAP and gives you a time to exit the hold and perform the rest of the IAP
*used when they are busy and need to adjust aircraft sequencing.
What does it mean when “DME” is in the title of an IAP?
DME is required for the final approach segment
*If DME is required by the notes section it means DME is needed to identify any other segment of the approach
What does LOM mean on an IAP
Localizer Outer Marker (Usually at the FAF)
What are the different approach category speeds and what are they based on?
Speeds are based on AFM recommended final approach speeds.
Cat A - 90 kts or less
Cat B - 91 to 120 kts
Cat C - 121 to 140 kts
Cat D - 141 to 165 kts
Cat E - 166 kts or more
What V-Speed are the Approach Categories on an IAP based on?
AFM recommended V-ref or final approach speed
- keep in mind that depending on the situation, you may need to use the higher Category Approach speeds, depending on the conditions necessary to safely fly the IAP.
What Approach Category does our aircraft belong to and why?
- Category A
- Because our V-ref (Flaps T/O) is 78 kts.
Under what conditions may you need to use a higher Approach Category speed minima?
- Emergency return to field when above Max Landing weight (2,822 lbs)
- Inoperative flaps (NA to the DA 40 NG)
- Approaches made in inadvertent icing conditions
- Windshear
How would you find V-Ref speed if it was not listed in the AFM?
1.3 x Vso at Max landing landing weight (Vso 60 kts)
When are you NOT required to perform a Procedure Turn or Hold-In-Lieu?
FAR 91.175
S - Straight in
H -
A - Arc
R - Radar Vectors
P - No PT
T - Timed appraoch
T - Tear drop
How can you identify a fly-over waypoint/fix vs a fly-by waypoint/fix on an IAP?
Fly-over waypoints/Fixes will have a circle around them
What does it mean when an RNAV IAP has a letter in the title?
It means there is more than 1 RNAV approach to the same RWY.
Lets say you lose your WAAS+RAIM, or your radio NAV function on an approach, what would be a good idea to do on your missed approach?
Climb above missed approach altitude ASAP to at least the MSA
What is the purpose of a DME arc on an IAP?
- Its a substitute for a course reversal
- Its a transition from enroute to approach phase of flight
- To fly a circular path around a VOR to intercept an approach course
When is DME required on an IAP?
When “DME Required” is stated in the approach notes
If you notice your Vertical or Lateral guidance behaving unusual, what should you do?
- Verify you have the right approach loaded
- Disengage the AP and hand fly as the AP may follow any
unusual GS or LOC deviations - Consider going missed
- Advise ATC
What is required to accept a LAHSO clearance?
- Airport must be VFR
- PIC must be POSITIVE a LDG is possible within the limited RWY distance
- PIC has final authority as to the acceptance of a LASHO clearance
What approach lighting systems offer red Side Row Bars and what does this allow us to do on an IFR approach?
FAR: 91.175
- ALSF 1&2
- Red Side Row bars (in sight) allow us to descend below 100ft of the TDZE
On an approach with ALSF lighting, provided you do not yet have the RWY in sight BUT DO have the approach lights in sight, when can you descend below 100 ft above the TDZE,
When the Red Side Row or Terminating bars are in sight.
On an approach, what is required for you to operate below the DA/MDA?
FAR: 91.175(c)
- Must have required flight visibility for the approach
- Must have the RWY environment in sight
- Must be in a continuous position to make a normal landing, with a normal rate of descent, using normal maneuvers, on the intended RWY
What is the main difference between PAPI and VASI visual glide slopes?
- PAPI lights are in 1 row
- VASI lights are stacked on top of each other in rows