IFR Instruments Flashcards
ARSR
Air Route Surveillance Radar
ASR
Airport Surveillance Radar
PAR
Precision Approach Radar
ASDE
Airport Surface Detection Equipment
What are the three types of VORs?
- VOR (just the VOR)
- VOR-DME (VOR plus distance measuring equipment)
- VORTAC (VOR plus the military’s tactical air navigation system)
Each VOR station can further be classified according to its range - terminal, low altitude, or high altitude. Terminal VORs are designed to be clearly received up to 25 nautical miles from the station at altitudes of 1,000 feet agl through 12,000 feet agl. Low-altitude VORs are meant to be used from 1,000 feet agl through 18,000 feet agl at distances of up to 40 nm from the station. Finally, high altitude VORs have the greatest range - 130 nm - between 18,000 feet agl and 45,000 feet agl, although they can also be effective at shorter ranges of 40 nm or more from 1,000 feet agl all the way through 60,000 feet agl. Remember that all VORs can only be received line-of-sight. So, if there’s a mountain between you and the VOR, you will not receive a reliable signal even though you are within the station’s range.
What is the reception range for a terminal VOR?
Terminal VORs are designed to be clearly received up to 25 nautical miles from the station at altitudes of 1,000 feet AGL through 12,000 feet AGL.
What is the reception range for a low-altitude VOR?
Low-altitude VORs are meant to be used from 1,000 feet agl through 18,000 feet agl at distances of up to 40 nm from the station.
What is the reception range for a high-altitude VOR?
High altitude VORs have the greatest range - 130 nm - between 18,000 feet agl and 45,000 feet agl, although they can also be effective at shorter ranges of 40 nm or more from 1,000 feet agl all the way through 60,000 feet agl.
How many degrees does each dot represent on a VOR CDI?
2 degrees per dot
How many dots are on a VOR CDI?
5 on each side of center for a coverage of 10 degrees on each side of center.
What is the distance represented by each dot on the VOR CDI?
At 30 miles from the VOR, each dot represents 1 mile.
Static Pressure Instruments
ASI - Airspeed indicator
VSI - Vertical Speed Indicator
ALT - Altimeter
Gyroscopic Instruments
- Heading Indicator
- Attitude Indicator (artificial horizon)
- Turn and Slip Indicator
What is the range of a localizer signal?
Usable range:
25 nm within 10 degrees of centerline.
17 nm within 35 degrees of centerline.
Reduced range:
18 nm within 10 degrees of centerline.
10 nm within 35 degrees of centerline.
PFD
Primary Flight Display
Replaces the six traditional instruments with a single easy to scan display.
MFD
Multi-function Display
Displays moving maps, navigation information, aircraft systems information, etc.. Can also become the PFD.
ADC
Air Data Computer
Receives data from sensors (ram, static, temp, magnetic) and computes course and altitude data for the AHRS.
TAWS
Terrain Awareness System
Provides terrain graphics and warnings.
TIS
Traffic Information System
Provides traffic information, alerts, and warnings from ATC Radar Systems.
AHRS
Attitude and Heading Reference System
FMS
Flight Management System
Computer database that allows for the programming of routes, approaches, and departures. It can supply navigation data to FMS or autopilot, and calculate flight parameters such as time remaining, range, fuel consumption, and more.
FD
Flight Director
Provides directional guidance to the pilot
TACAN
Tactical Air Navigation
Military VOR equivalent
LORAN
Long Range Navigation
MLS
Microwave Landing System
INS
Inertial Navigation System
TSO-C129a
GPS (non-WAAS)
Supplemental navigation equipment
LNAV approaches only
Not authorized for alternate planning (unless you have other approach navigation equipment onboard.)
TSO-C196
Non-WAAS GPS
Upgraded TSO-C129a version
a. “Selective Availability Aware”
b. RF noise tolerant
Operationally identical to TSO-C129a
TSO-C146c
WAAS GPS
Stand-alone navigation equipment.
Primary navigation equipment (not supplemental)
No RAIM predictions required prior to use for approaches.
Only limitation is plan alternates to LNAV or circling minimums.
TSO-C145c
WAAS GPS
Airborne navigation sensor.
Primary navigation equipment (not supplemental)
No RAIM predictions required prior to use for approaches.
Only limitation is plan alternates to LNAV or circling minimums.
High Altitude VOR Service volumes
1000’ - 14500’ 40 Nm
14500’ - 18000 100 Nm
18000 - FL450 130 Nm
FL450 - FL600 100 Nm
