IEC Flashcards
3 Principles of IEC
• preserve life
• prevent deterioration
• promote recovery
5 Principles of Capacity
(Mental Capacity Act 2005)
• a presumption of capacity
• the right to be supported when making decisions
• an unwise decision cannot be seen as a wrong decision
• best interest must be at the heart of all decisions
• any interaction must be with the least restriction possible
ALWAYS
Oxygen and reassurance
Unequivocal signs of death - do not start CPR
• decomposition
• decapitation
• incineration (more than 95%)
• massive cranial deconstruction
• DNR form
CPR rhythm for drowning
5 rescue breaths
CPR for 1 minute
Repeat or get help
Patient Assessment
• Danger
• Response
• Catastrophic bleed
• Airway
• Breath
• Circulation
• Disability
• Expose and Examine
Capacity is
Having the right mind ( Ability to recognize the right place,time, and person)
What do you do when some one is mild choking?
Encourage to cough
What do you do if someone is major choking?
Backslap 5 times, abdominal thrust 5 times and then repeat until success or unconscious. CPR
What do you do if a baby is choking?
Put baby on arm, gradually backslap 5 times, chest thrust 5 times and repeat until success or unconscious. Then CPR
What do you do if someone is choking on liquid?
Postural drainage (turn over) then suction (V vac)
What do you do with clinical waste?
Give it to LAS
Chain of survival
Early recognition of cardiac arrest
Early CPR
Early deliberation
Early advance care
JAWS
Jaw thrusts
Adjunct
Work together
Squeeze slowly
How many lobes
3 on the right and 2 on the left
Oxygen breathing percentages
Breathe in 21% and breathe out 16 %
What is the only vein that carries out oxygenated blood?
Pulmonary vein
External respiration takes place in the…
Lungs
Internal respiration takes place in the…
Tissue
Red blood cells are also called ……. , they are responsible for ……..
Erthresyts, carrying oxygenated blood around the body.
What are the mechanisms for breathing?
Diaphram and
Average heart beat of adult/ child/ baby
60- 100/120/140
What is hyperventilating, signs and symptoms, and how do you deal with it
- Excessive breathing
- red, claws
- reassurance and no oxygen
What is hypoxia
Lack of oxygen
Average oxygen level and average COPD oxygen levels
95% and 89 to 92%
Normal breathing rate
12-20
Symptoms of baby struggling to breath
Nasal flaring
Chest sacking
Grunting
Using excessary muscles
Oral pharnygeal
(Measures and when not to use)
Bottom jaw to center of teeth.
When conscious, brocken jaw and
Tresmas
Nasal pharyngeal
(Measurments and when not to use)
Ear to nose
Under 8years old , skull fracture
Asthma is
Inflammation in the airway causing bronci ristriction
What is contrary indication
Don’t do
How much oxygen do you give to an adult?
15l/ min (1 canister)
How do you measure HR in adults and children?
Check pulse in radial (adults) and bracial (child)
What is CPR
Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation - aims to recirculate blood flow
What is cardiac arrest?
When the heart stops beating
What is Mycordial infarction?
Also known as a heart attack is the blockage of the heart that can lead to cardiac arrest.
What is an AED and what does it do?
Automated External Defibulator- used to stop heart and restart its natural rythm
Name 3 types of abnormal heartbeat rythms.
• Ventricular Tachycardia
• Ventricular Fibulation
• Pulse Ventricular Tachycardia - The patient is conscious, do not use AED.
ROSC
Return Of Spontanious Circulation
Name signs of unconscious ness
- non purposeful movement
Basic Life support Algorithm
- Danger
- Response
- shout for help
- Airways
- breathing and pulse check
- call 999
- 30:2 compression and breaths
Basic life support algorithm for drowning
- Danger
- Response
- shout for help
- Airway
- pulse and breathing check
- 5 rescue breathes
- 30:2 for 1min / 3 rounds
- call 999 if no one has come
Basic life support algorithm for child
- Assessment checks
- nose neutrally aligned with slight head tilt
- 5 rescue breaths
- 15:2 ( one hand compression)
- AED apply front and back ( press button)
- oxygen and reassurance
Basic life support for baby
- Assessment checks
- support between shoulders for neutral alignment
- 5 rescue breaths
- 15:2 ( 2 finger compressions)
- on AED, no puck, apply pads sideways and on front and back.
- oxygen and reassurance ( wave oxygen near face as oxygen can burn skin and eyes)
List pre AED checks
- Dry
- shave
- remove nipple chain
- cut bra
- stable surface
- pacemaker
What is ATMIST, and what do you do with it?
AGE
TIME
MECHANISM of injury
INJURY sustained
SIGNS and symptoms
Treatment/ O2
- hand it to LAS
Use the assisted pump once every [a] seconds and assess every [b] mins.
Pads are [c] and AED is [d]. Then cover with [e] and [f]
A) 6
B)1
C) left on
D) turned off
E) blanket
F) Dont move
What is COPD
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Define Hypoxic drive
Too much oxygen specific to COPD patients
List the 5 types of shock
1) Hypovolaemic
2) Cardiogenic
3) Neurogenic
4) Septic
5) Anaphylaxis
Is hypoglycemia a form of shock
No
Rule when using CPR on pregnant women
Tilt hip 30° to her left ( lump to left)
Every minute, the heart does not beat with no cpr it dies by
10%
Pregnant women have upto 50% more blood in their 3rd trimester. What percentage of blood loss takes place before signs and symptoms show?
35%
List the 2 types of bleeding
Internal and external
Internal bleeding
- symptoms
- steps
- potential reasons
- bruising
- recognition, divide stomach into quarters, and feel with palm [ ]
- RTC, impaling, fall from heights
List 4 ways to deal with bleeding
TQ
Packing
Indirect
Direct
What is wet dressing?
Open bandage packet, add spleen or eye wash, and then apply to wound. Generally used on skin tears.
What is Peha-haft
Dressing that sicks to itself, ideal for head injuries and direct pressure
Describe Olaz dressing
Olive packet, includes packing and cup, ideally used for holes, gauges and neck stabbings.
Describe blast dressing
Brown package, used for covering on holding in places with little or no pressure, e.g, spilt bouwls, mangled body parts, and amputations
How do you secure a stab wound or impalement with the object still in the body?
Bandage rolled up earth side of object and then wrapped with a 3rd bandage
Haemastic dressing
Blood still dressing
Rice
Rest
Ice
Comfort
Elevate
NA dressing
Non adhesive, added first on wound
How would you use a tornoquay
To prevent major blood loss, remove clothes, strap tight, and twist. Note the time down and apply a 2nd a tq width away if necessary
5 types of road traffic collision
1) frontal impact
2) rear impact
3) side/lateral impact
4) rotational impact
5) rollover impact
What type of injury could you sustain from a lateral impact
PELVIS, head, and spine
What is positional Asthyxia
Something stopping the chest from rising and falling
Describe contricoup
When the brain hits the skull
Types of skull fractures
linear
depressed (blunt trauma)
Open (exposed)
Basilar (bruising around eye due to pressure)
What is the most critical chest injury?
TENSION (pneumo/haemo)thorax
List potential chest injuries caused from piercing the lungs
Simple/open pneumo/haemo-thorax
What is meningitis
Meningitis is inflammation of the lining around your brain and spinal cord.
Protect this part of your spine to stay alive
C345 stay alive
When dealing with a potential spine injury, use MILS… what dies it stand for?
Manual
In
Line
Stabilization
How much blood does the body hold? And how much blood can you loose due to a brocken femur?
5l
1and a half l
Describe Hypovolaemic
Low volume of blood
Describe Anaphylaptic
A shock to the body that includes alegen, histamine or autoimmune issues.
1) respiratory system ( affecting airway by constricting and mucus build up). Use inhaler
2) cardiovascular system ( veins dialate, blood pressure decreases, blood leaks into tissue, leads to swelling of airways) use adrenaline/ipi pen.
Assess breathing through RESPS
Rate
Effort
Sound
Position
Sate ( 95%)
Pateint assessment ( SAMPLE )
Signs and symptoms
Allergies
Medications
Past medical history
Last ate/drank
Events
What is fainting caused by
Loss of oxygen to the brain
What is a pulmonary embolism?
A blockage of an artery In the lung
What is fainting also known as?
Transic loss of consciousness (TLOC)
Explain post dictal
When patient is tired and confused (post siezure)
How do you treat a siezure
Don’t restrain, give oxygen if possible, time event( 5 minutes is serious) , and protect head with cushion.
What is a siezure
An electrical disturbance in the brain
Signs and symptoms of MI/Heart attack and Treatment
Chest pain, pale, clammy, sense of impending doom, pain, nausea and vomiting.
Oxygen and reassurance
What is Angina
Narrowing of the heart arteries
Hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia
High and low blood sugar levels( insulin)
Signs and symptoms of hyper/hypoglycemia and treatment
Pear drop breath, increased thirst, increased urination, confused, nausea, headache, fidgety.
Oxygen and reassurance
Give sugar
What is a stroke
Blockage of bloodflow to the brain
How donyou assess for a suspected stroke
FAST and PEARL
Face
Arms
Speech
Time
Pupil
Equal
And
Reactive to
Light
Medical term for a small stroke
transient ischaemic attack
Mini stroke
Can dissolve or be a precursor to a full stroke, give oxygen and reassurance, then call ambulance
Heat exhaustion. Relation body temperatures
36.5 to 37.5 (normal range)
38 (Heat exhaustion starting point)
40 ( Heat stroke)
41-42 (organs start shutting down)
35 ( hypothermic)
34-33 (body stops working)
4yrs old ( can’t control body temperature)
Signs and symptoms of Heat exhaustion
Sweat, increased heart rate and respiratory rate, faint, headache, thirsty, nausea, dehydrated, decreased blood pressure
Signs and symptoms of heat stroke
Dizzy, vomiting, confusion, radows ,loosing consciousness
Treatment for heat exaustion
Hydrate, radial cooling, shade, take of clothes, don’t put wet towel around neck
3 classifications of burns
Superficial ( top layer)
Partial thickness ( to dermal layer)
Full thickness (Destroyed nerve endings, waxy, chard )
Electrical burn
Looks for entry and exit wound
Treatment for burns
Cool for 20mins with tempered running water
Treat a burn for upto 3hrs
Cling film loosely, don’t wrap.
(Burn jelly dressing if necessary)
How do you measure a burn
Rule of 9 ( front 18 + back 18 = 36)
Palm = 1%
Time critical burns
Mouth/throat
Infant, child, elderly
25% and above
What do you do to a chemical burn?
Dont cling film just add water
TST
Ten second triage
4 categories of TST
P1 immediate
P2 urgent
P3 delayed/walking
P4 not breathing
Why would you take off someone’s helmet
To assess airways
What are the first stages of cardiac arrest
Non purposeful movement
Argurnal breathing
