ICS Pathology

Question 1

Define pharmacodynamics

Answer 1

Action of drug on body

Question 2

Define pharmacokinetics

Answer 2

Action of body on drug

Question 3

Anticholinergics decrease the effect of the ___ nervous system.

SE =

Answer 3

Parasympathetic

eg Amitriptyline

SE:

• blurred vision
• confusion
• dry mouth
• urinary retention

Question 4

What drugs inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis?

Answer 4

Penicillin + Cephalosporins + Carbapenems + Glycopeptides

Question 5

What drugs inhibit DNA replication/ transcription?

Answer 5

Quinolones - Ciprofloxacin

Question 6

Which drug inhibits COX?

Answer 6

Paracetamol

Question 7

Pharmacology of Warfarin

Answer 7

Vitamin K antagonist > prevents synthesis of vitK-dependant clotting factors (2, 7, 9, 10)

Green leafy veg = source of VITK

Grapefruit, cranberries, alcohol INCREASE warfarin effect.

Question 8

Co-amoxiclav is a combination of…

Answer 8

Amoxicillin and Clavulanic acid (B-lactamase inhibitor)

Question 9

What is a phaeochromocytoma?

Answer 9

Tumour of the adrenal medulla’s chromaffin cells

Releases catecholamines (adrenaline)

Question 10

What is the risk of removing a phaeochromocytoma?

Answer 10

Removal > large release of catecholamines > refractory hypertension

Question 11

What measurements do we take prior to removing a phaeochromocytoma?

Answer 11

Alpha then Beta Block

Phenooxybenzamine then Bisoprolol

(If beta blocked first > Blocked B2-vasodilation > uncontrolled A1-vasoconstriction > refractory HTN)

Question 12

What is Carbimazole used for?

Answer 12

Thyrotoxicosis

Question 13

Where does C. diff colonise?

Answer 13

Large intestine

Question 14

Pseudomembranous colitis caused by…

Answer 14

C. diff

Question 15

Ischaemic colitis caused by…

Answer 15

Associated with AF.

No microbiology!

Question 16

Mycobacterium Avium Complex causes ___ which is an __-defining illness

Answer 16

Mycobacterium avium-intracellular infection = AIDS-defininf illness

Question 17

Atypical pneumonia causes associated with animals?

Answer 17

Chlamydia psittaci - birds

Coxiella burnetti

Question 18

How do we treat pulmonary TB?

SE of tx?

Answer 18

RIPE

Rifampicin: red/orange urine/tears

Isoniazide: Peripheral neuropathy

Pyrazinamide: gout

Ethambutol: colour blindness, reduced visual acuity

Question 19

Cells involved in Inflammation

Answer 19

Neutrophil polymorph - phagocytic

Macrophage - Ag-presenting

Lymphocytes - Specific Ags

Endothelial cells - sticky, porous, angiogenesis

Fibroblasts - collagen repair

Question 20

Inflammation cardinal signs

Answer 20

Rubor
Calor
Tumor
Dolor

Question 21

Atherosclerosis pathophysiology outline.

Inflammatory cytokines involved?

Atherosclerotic plaque composition.

Answer 21

Ox-LDL + Macrophage = Foam cell > trapped in tunica intima > die > release fat > fatty core

IL 1, 6, 8

Atherosclerotic plaque = Fibrous tissue + lipid + lymphocytes + Necrotic Core.

Question 22

Define Neoplasm

Answer 22

Lesion from autonomous growth of cells which persists after the stimulus is removed.

Question 23

Define Tumour

Answer 23

Abnormal swelling - due to neoplasm/ inflammation/ hypertrophy/ hyperplasia