ICAST Flashcards
which cells is initially recruited in a fungal nail infection?
dendritic cell
which neurotransmitter is affected in huntington’s disease?
GABA
what are the lymph nodes at the base of the neck/under the chin?
submandibular
which cancers commonly metastasise to bone?
breast lung GI renal thyroid prostate
what level of the neck is posterior and contains the spinal accessory nerve?
level 5
what would happen if there was damage to spinal accessory nerve?
paralysis of sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
why would a patient with skin cancer present with a parotid gland mass?
intraparotid lymph nodes drain skin of face, scalp and external acoustic meatus so skin cancers may metastasise to the parotid lymph nodes
presentation of GI cancer
may only appear as iron deficiency anaemia due to chronic low grade blood loss from tumour
ensure to investigated for occult GI malignancy
what lymph nodes drain the dorsum of the hand?
epitrochlear or supratrochlear lymph nodes
which lymph nodes drain the areola of the breast?
level 3 axillary lymph nodes
which lymph nodes run along the axillary vein?
lateral axillary lymph nodes
what parts of the brain does the vertebral artery drain?
posterior - cerebellum, brainstem and occipital lobes
what disease causes atrophy of the caudate nucleus?
Huntington’s
what does the supraspinous ligament do?
stabilises spine - prevents hyperflexion
can be torn and cause instability of vertebral column and risk of cord injury
main muscle of mastication
masseter
what nerve supplies the masseter?
mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve
what measure is needed to prevent aspiration?
nasogastric feeding tube
vertebral foramen
contains spinal cord
what does damage to the L3/4 intervertebral foramen cause?
shooting pain to leg, pain and numbness of knee/medial thigh
weakness of knee extension
diminished knee jerk
why does a 3rd cranial nerve palsy cause ptosis?
it innervates levator palpebrae which opens eyelid
what giant cells are found in the primary motor cortex?
giant pyramidal/ betz cells
what anatomical structure is found at L1 where the cauda equina begins?
conus medullaris
what are the respiratory effects of severing the spinal cord at L5 level
pelvic floor muscles will be paralysed and so raising abdominal pressure is difficult and coughing is not effective
what is patellar alta?
condition where person is born with patella positioned higher in front of knee than average
what is patellar baja?
where patella is positioned lower in front of knee than average - congenital
which screening tool can be used to determine whether someone with an ankle injury needs radiographic imaging?
ottawa ankle rules
what is the paronychium?
skin on each side of the neail
what is the hyponychium?
skin distal to nail bed
pathophysioology of huntington’s
marked destruction and gliosis of GABAergic enkephalin and substance P containing neurons in caudate nucleus and putamen
what are the functions of melanocytes?
melanin/pigment deposition
immune/antigen presentation
what are the layers of the epidermis?
stratum corneum stratum lucidum stratum granulosum stratum spinosum stratum basale
what are the components of a tripartite synpase?
presynaptic and postsynaptic neurone
astrocyte/glial cell
in glutatmate mediated excitotoxicity what ion is responsible for causing cell damage in postsynaptic neuron and what organelle is responsible for clearing it?
calcium ions
mitochondria
from which branch of the aorta does the spleen’s blood supply arise?
coeliac axis
53 year old woman with history of alcohol excess presents with splenomegaly, what process causes this?
portal hypertension due to chronic liver disease/cirrhosis
which lymph nodes drain the skin over the scapular?
posterior/subscapular axillary nodes
axillary lymph node levels
levels 1-3
level 1 axillary lymph nodes
anterior, lateral and posterior nodes
level 2 axillary lymph nodes
central nodes
level 3 axillary lymph nodes
apical nodes
what passes through the foramen transversarium?
vertebral artery
fracture of foramen transversarium
may injure vertebral arteries
risk to areas of brain supplied by vertebrobasilar system
what parts of the brain are supplied by the vertebrobasilar system?
cerebellum
brainstem
occipital lobes
what disease is caused by atrophy to caudate nucleus?
huntington’s chorea/disease
signs of upper motor neurone lesion
spastic paralysis clasp knife reflex babinski's sign moderate muscle wasting hyperreflexia clonus
what type of signalling function for movement control is projected by giant pyramidal cells in the primary motor cortex?
excitatory signal
what neurotransmitter is released by giant pyramidal cells?
glutamate
myotome for dorsiflexion of ankle
L4 and L5
myotome for plantarflexion of ankle
S1 and S2
where does the internal mammary/thoracic artery arise?
1st part of subclavian artery
what does the basilar artery supply?
brainstem
cerebellum
occipital lobes
what does a thrombosis of the basilar artery cause?
sudden drop in GCS
respiratory and cardiac arrest
what respiratory muscles will be paralysed when the spinal cord is severed at T2 spinal cord level?
T3-12 intercostal muscles
abdominal muscles
pelvic floor muscles
upper limb muscles used in forced expiration
what prominence does the patella tendon insert onto?
tibial tuberosity
what are the ottawa ankle rules?
bony tenderness along distal 6cm of posterior edge of fibular or tip of lateral malleolus, distal 6cm of posterior edge of tibia/tip of medial malleolus, base of 5th metatarsal, navicular, inability to bear weight both immediately after injury and for 4 steps during initial evaluation
what structure is injured if there is swelling of the medial aspect of foot, loss of arch of foot and patient is unable to perform single limb heel rise?
tibialis posterior tendon
risk factors for injury to tibialis posterior tendon?
most common over 40 females obesity hypertension diabetes
which compartment will a ruptured aneurysm of the middle cerebral artery bleed into?
subarachnoid space
what symptoms occur when a patient fractures their skull base?
CSF rhinorrhoea
anosmia
confirm CSF with dipstick test for glucose
what leaves the skull via the foramen ovale?
mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve
what does damage to V3 cranial nerve cause?
weakness of muscles of mastication
altered sensation to skin over mandible
