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2nd year > ICAST > Flashcards

ICAST Flashcards

1
Q

which cells is initially recruited in a fungal nail infection?

A

dendritic cell

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2
Q

which neurotransmitter is affected in huntington’s disease?

A

GABA

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3
Q

what are the lymph nodes at the base of the neck/under the chin?

A

submandibular

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4
Q

which cancers commonly metastasise to bone?

A 
breast
lung
GI
renal
thyroid
prostate
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5
Q

what level of the neck is posterior and contains the spinal accessory nerve?

A

level 5

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6
Q

what would happen if there was damage to spinal accessory nerve?

A

paralysis of sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles

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7
Q

why would a patient with skin cancer present with a parotid gland mass?

A

intraparotid lymph nodes drain skin of face, scalp and external acoustic meatus so skin cancers may metastasise to the parotid lymph nodes

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8
Q

presentation of GI cancer

A

may only appear as iron deficiency anaemia due to chronic low grade blood loss from tumour
ensure to investigated for occult GI malignancy

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9
Q

what lymph nodes drain the dorsum of the hand?

A

epitrochlear or supratrochlear lymph nodes

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10
Q

which lymph nodes drain the areola of the breast?

A

level 3 axillary lymph nodes

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11
Q

which lymph nodes run along the axillary vein?

A

lateral axillary lymph nodes

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12
Q

what parts of the brain does the vertebral artery drain?

A

posterior - cerebellum, brainstem and occipital lobes

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13
Q

what disease causes atrophy of the caudate nucleus?

A

Huntington’s

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14
Q

what does the supraspinous ligament do?

A

stabilises spine - prevents hyperflexion

can be torn and cause instability of vertebral column and risk of cord injury

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15
Q

main muscle of mastication

A

masseter

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16
Q

what nerve supplies the masseter?

A

mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve

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17
Q

what measure is needed to prevent aspiration?

A

nasogastric feeding tube

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18
Q

vertebral foramen

A

contains spinal cord

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19
Q

what does damage to the L3/4 intervertebral foramen cause?

A

shooting pain to leg, pain and numbness of knee/medial thigh
weakness of knee extension
diminished knee jerk

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20
Q

why does a 3rd cranial nerve palsy cause ptosis?

A

it innervates levator palpebrae which opens eyelid

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21
Q

what giant cells are found in the primary motor cortex?

A

giant pyramidal/ betz cells

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22
Q

what anatomical structure is found at L1 where the cauda equina begins?

A

conus medullaris

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23
Q

what are the respiratory effects of severing the spinal cord at L5 level

A

pelvic floor muscles will be paralysed and so raising abdominal pressure is difficult and coughing is not effective

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24
Q

what is patellar alta?

A

condition where person is born with patella positioned higher in front of knee than average

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25
Q

what is patellar baja?

A

where patella is positioned lower in front of knee than average - congenital

26
Q

which screening tool can be used to determine whether someone with an ankle injury needs radiographic imaging?

A

ottawa ankle rules

27
Q

what is the paronychium?

A

skin on each side of the neail

28
Q

what is the hyponychium?

A

skin distal to nail bed

29
Q

pathophysioology of huntington’s

A

marked destruction and gliosis of GABAergic enkephalin and substance P containing neurons in caudate nucleus and putamen

30
Q

what are the functions of melanocytes?

A

melanin/pigment deposition

immune/antigen presentation

31
Q

what are the layers of the epidermis?

A 
stratum corneum 
stratum lucidum 
stratum granulosum 
stratum spinosum
stratum basale
32
Q

what are the components of a tripartite synpase?

A

presynaptic and postsynaptic neurone

astrocyte/glial cell

33
Q

in glutatmate mediated excitotoxicity what ion is responsible for causing cell damage in postsynaptic neuron and what organelle is responsible for clearing it?

A

calcium ions

mitochondria

34
Q

from which branch of the aorta does the spleen’s blood supply arise?

A

coeliac axis

35
Q

53 year old woman with history of alcohol excess presents with splenomegaly, what process causes this?

A

portal hypertension due to chronic liver disease/cirrhosis

36
Q

which lymph nodes drain the skin over the scapular?

A

posterior/subscapular axillary nodes

37
Q

axillary lymph node levels

A

levels 1-3

38
Q

level 1 axillary lymph nodes

A

anterior, lateral and posterior nodes

39
Q

level 2 axillary lymph nodes

A

central nodes

40
Q

level 3 axillary lymph nodes

A

apical nodes

41
Q

what passes through the foramen transversarium?

A

vertebral artery

42
Q

fracture of foramen transversarium

A

may injure vertebral arteries

risk to areas of brain supplied by vertebrobasilar system

43
Q

what parts of the brain are supplied by the vertebrobasilar system?

A

cerebellum
brainstem
occipital lobes

44
Q

what disease is caused by atrophy to caudate nucleus?

A

huntington’s chorea/disease

45
Q

signs of upper motor neurone lesion

A 
spastic paralysis 
clasp knife reflex 
babinski's sign 
moderate muscle wasting
hyperreflexia 
clonus
46
Q

what type of signalling function for movement control is projected by giant pyramidal cells in the primary motor cortex?

A

excitatory signal

47
Q

what neurotransmitter is released by giant pyramidal cells?

A

glutamate

48
Q

myotome for dorsiflexion of ankle

A

L4 and L5

49
Q

myotome for plantarflexion of ankle

A

S1 and S2

50
Q

where does the internal mammary/thoracic artery arise?

A

1st part of subclavian artery

51
Q

what does the basilar artery supply?

A

brainstem
cerebellum
occipital lobes

52
Q

what does a thrombosis of the basilar artery cause?

A

sudden drop in GCS

respiratory and cardiac arrest

53
Q

what respiratory muscles will be paralysed when the spinal cord is severed at T2 spinal cord level?

A

T3-12 intercostal muscles
abdominal muscles
pelvic floor muscles
upper limb muscles used in forced expiration

54
Q

what prominence does the patella tendon insert onto?

A

tibial tuberosity

55
Q

what are the ottawa ankle rules?

A

bony tenderness along distal 6cm of posterior edge of fibular or tip of lateral malleolus, distal 6cm of posterior edge of tibia/tip of medial malleolus, base of 5th metatarsal, navicular, inability to bear weight both immediately after injury and for 4 steps during initial evaluation

56
Q

what structure is injured if there is swelling of the medial aspect of foot, loss of arch of foot and patient is unable to perform single limb heel rise?

A

tibialis posterior tendon

57
Q

risk factors for injury to tibialis posterior tendon?

A 
most common over 40
females 
obesity 
hypertension
diabetes
58
Q

which compartment will a ruptured aneurysm of the middle cerebral artery bleed into?

A

subarachnoid space

59
Q

what symptoms occur when a patient fractures their skull base?

A

CSF rhinorrhoea
anosmia
confirm CSF with dipstick test for glucose

60
Q

what leaves the skull via the foramen ovale?

A

mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve

61
Q

what does damage to V3 cranial nerve cause?

A

weakness of muscles of mastication

altered sensation to skin over mandible

2nd year (48 decks)

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