Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

2nd year > Clinical knowledge - movement and control > Flashcards

Clinical knowledge - movement and control Flashcards

1
Q

Signs of cerebellar problems

A 
nystagmus
dysarthria
finger-nose ataxia
intention tremor
dysdiadokokinesis
heel-knee-shin ataxia 
gait ataxia 
falls 
signs are ipsilateral 
lesions don't produce paralysis, paresis or deficits in termination or initiation of movement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

scoliosis

A

sideways curvature of spine
compresses lungs and abdominal organs
reduces total capacity of lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

treating scoliosis

A

can be realigned with surgical rods with flexibility
spinal implant works for adults but children are still growing so treating them is difficult as repetitive surgery is required

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is a laminectomy

A

remove lamina to expose spinal cord or repair herniated disc
replaced by wires

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

spina bifida occulta

A

tuft of hair at point of missing spinous process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

degeneration of intervertebral discs

A

occurs over time

causes loss of height

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

herniated intervertebral disc

A

nucleus pulposus seeps out of annulus fibrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how to test for scoliosis?

A

ask patient to bend over

one side will go lower than the other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

caudal epidural injections

A

commonly used during birth process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

commonly used imaging for spine

A 
x-rays 
CT
MRI 
myelography 
isotype studies 
ultrasound
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

checking x-ray of cervical spine

A 
A = alignment and adequacy - fractures, disruption of lines, margins between bones/ intervertebral discs 
B = bone
C = cartilage
S = soft tissues
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

when to use CT scan

A

if there is a suspicion of spinal injury

axial, sagittal or coronal can be used to look for prevertebral soft tissue swelling and cartilage or bony abnormalities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

when to use x-ray

A

look for alignment
vertebral height
intervertebral spaces
presence of osteophytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

degenerative changes on x-rays

A

hypertrophy of ligaments cannot be seen but can cause more problems than osteophytes
intervertebral discs cannot be seen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

kyphosis

A

is normal but exaggerated curvature of thoracic spine is pathological
can get kyphosis and scoliosis = kyphoscoliosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

spondylolistesis

A

normally affects lumbar spine
can be degenerative as ligaments become lax
can be caused by abnormality in pars interarticularis
pars defect can predispose to this
vertebra slipping backwards or forwards on 1 below

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

MRI use

A

best for visualising spinal cord and nerve roots

important for looking at cauda equina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

disc degeneration

A

loss of height

loss of hydration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

disc prolapse

A 
loss of disc water
loss of height 
degeneration of annulus fibrosis
protrusion or extrusion 
can impinge on nerves
tension reduced in outer disc
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

myelography

A 
less commonly used due to MRI 
used for those who cannot undergo MRI
injection of contrast into vertebral canal to view nerve roots and check for compression 
invasive 
more risks than MRI 
contrast injected into subdural space 
Used to diagnose disc prolapse
21
Q

ultrasound

A

can be used to see spinal canal contents in neonates

used for spina bifida occulta, cord tethering or masses - congenital abnormalities

22
Q

when can ultrasound of a baby’s spine be done?

A

up to 3 months of age as posterior elements haven’t been matured so the ultrasound beams can get through

23
Q

bone scan

A

injection of radioactive tracer
osteoblastic abnormalities uptake the radioactive tracers
looks for cancers
multiple bony metastases

24
Q

what are the most likely causes of multiple bony metastases

A

prostate or breast cancer

25
Q

Jefferson/ burst fracture

A

fracture of C1

26
Q

perched facets

A

misalignment of facet joints
displacement anteriorly or posteriorly
associated with ligament injury and sometimes bony injury

27
Q

teardrop fracture

A

caused by severe flexion and compression forces
associated with severe ligamentous injury
bony injury
usually unstable

28
Q

epidural space abscess

A

non-traumatic
can be infective
contrast required to see on imaging

29
Q

discitis

A

seen on MRI
causes oedema
can cause epidural abscesses

30
Q

cauda equina syndrome

A

caused by compression of nerve roots below level of spinal cord
diagnostic and surgical emergency

31
Q

diagnosis of cauda equina syndrome

A

MRI

32
Q

what causes cauda equina syndrome?

A

degenerative disease of spinal column or disc prolapses

33
Q

risk of cauda equina syndrome

A

paralysis

34
Q

what are the red flags suggesting cauda equina syndrome?

A

altered perineal sensation
bilateral lower limb pain
change in bladder habit

35
Q

spinal metastases

A

from prostate primary
dark on MRI
can compress spinal cord - medical emergency

36
Q

mitochondrial dysfunction

A

can lead to neurodegeneration because mitochondrial energy metabolism provides a line of defence against excess glutamate

37
Q

what are the types of neurontransmitters?

A

amino acids
monoamines
peptides
other

38
Q

amino acid neurotransmitters

A

GABA
glutamate
glycine

39
Q

monoamine neurotransmitters

A

catecholamines

40
Q

peptide neurotransmitters

A

opioids

41
Q

other neurotransmitters

A

acetylcholine

42
Q

what are monoamines used in?

A

attention
cognition
emotion

43
Q

opioids

A

involved in perception of pain

44
Q

what is a treatment for alzheimer’s disease?

A

galantamine

45
Q

how does galantamine work?

A

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor so prevents the breakdwon of acetylcholine so the neurotransmitter is present for longer in the synaptic cleft

46
Q

what does nicotine do?

A

acts directly on all nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain

47
Q

treatments for depression

A

monoamine oxidase inhibitors

SSRIs

48
Q

what do monoamine oxidase inhibitors do?

A

prevent breakdwon of monoamine neurotransmitters

increasing their concentration

49
Q

how do SSRIs work?

A

block serotonin reuptake channels

2nd year (48 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions