Host defence AMK teach

Question 1

what is beclometasone?

Answer 1

inhaled corticosteroid for asthma or COPD

Question 2

what is salbutamol?

Answer 2

short acting beta 2 agonist

inhaled

Question 3

what is formeterol?

Answer 3

long acting inhaled beta 2 agonist

Question 4

what is eplerenone?

Answer 4

from same family as spironolactone

antimineralocorticoid drug

Question 5

use of eplerenone?

Answer 5

used in resistant hypertension

blocks aldosterone in kidney tubules so less sodium is reabsorbed so less water reabsorbed so decreases BP

Question 6

what is furosemide?

Answer 6

loop diuretic

Question 7

what is ramipril?

Answer 7

ACE inhibitor

Question 8

what is rivaroxaban?

Answer 8

direct acting oral anticoagulant

Question 9

what is nebivolol?

Answer 9

beta blocker

Question 10

what is quetiapine?

Answer 10

antipsychotic

used for mania in bipolar

Question 11

what is alendronic acid?

Answer 11

bisphosphonate used in osteoporosis

Question 12

what is colecalciferol?

Answer 12

vitamin D analogue

bone protection

Question 13

what do nitrates in urine suggest?

Answer 13

UTI caused by E.coli

Question 14

what are the steps of sepsis?

Answer 14

SIRS
sepsis
Severe sepsis
Septic shock

Question 15

SIRS

Answer 15

temperature over 38.3 
or below 36 
respiratory rate over 20
heart rate over 90
WBC >12,000, <4000 
>10% bands 
PCO2 <32mmHg

Question 16

Sepsis

Answer 16

2 SIRS

plus a confirmed or suspected infection

Question 17

what is sepsis?

Answer 17

a life-threatening organ dysfunction due to a dysregulated host response to infection

Question 18

severe sepsis

Answer 18

sepsis + signs of end organ damage
hypotension - systolic <90
lactate >4mmol

Question 19

septic shock

Answer 19

severe sepsis with persistent signs of end organ damage
hypotension - systolic <90
lactate >4mmol

Question 20

what is shock?

Answer 20

poor tissue perfusion

Question 21

what are the types of shock?

Answer 21

cardiogenic
obstructive
hypovolaemic
distributive

Question 22

physiology of cardiogenic shock

Answer 22

heart fails to pump blood out

reduced cardiac output

Question 23

example causes of cardiogenic shock

Answer 23

MI
arrhythmias
valvular abnormalities

Question 24

physiology of obstructive shock

Answer 24

heart pumps well but outflow is obstructed

reduced cardiac output

Question 25

example causes of obstructive shock

Answer 25

PE tension pneumothorax cardiac tamponade

Question 26

physiology of hypovolaemic shock

Answer 26

heart pumps well but not enough blood volume to pump | reduced cardiac output

Question 27

example causes of hypovolaemic shock

Answer 27

haemorrhage | dehydration/ fluid loss

Question 28

physiology of distributive shock

Answer 28

heart pumps well but there is peripheral vasodilation/ leakiness reduced systemic vascular resistance

Question 29

example causes of distributive shock

Answer 29

septic shock | anaphylaxis

Question 30

how many classes of haemorrhagic shock are there?

Answer 30

4

Question 31

class I haemorrhagic shock

Answer 31

``` <750ml blood loss 15% HR<100 normal BP normal respiratory rate = 14-20 pulse pressure = normal slightly anxious urine output >30 ```

Question 32

class II haemorrhagic shock

Answer 32

``` 750-1500ml blood lost 15-30% HR >100 normal BP decreased pulse pressure respiratory rate = 20-30 urine output = 20-30 mildly anxious ```

Question 33

class III haemorrhagic shock

Answer 33

``` 1500-2000ml blood loss 30-40% HR >120 decreased BP and pulse pressure respiratory rate = 30-40 urine output = 5-15 anxious and confused ```

Question 34

class IV haemorrhagic shock

Answer 34

``` >2000ml blood loss >40% HR >140 decreased BP and pulse pressure respiratory rate >35 negligible urine output confused and lethargic ```

Question 35

treatment of sepsis

Answer 35

``` blood cultures urine output fluids IV antibiotics IV lactate oxygen ```

Question 36

treatment of sepsis mnemonic

Answer 36

BUFALO

Question 37

bacterial meningitis causative organisms

Answer 37

``` steptococcus pneumoniae neisseria meningitidis haemophilus influenzae streptococcus agalactiae listeria monocytogenes ```

Question 38

otitis media causative organism

Answer 38

streptococcus pneumoniae

Question 39

CAP pneumonia causative organisms

Answer 39

streptococcus pneumoniae haemophilus influenzae staphylococcus aureus

Question 40

atypical pneumonia causative organisms

Answer 40

mycoplasma pneumoniae chlamydia pneumoniae legionella pneumophilia

Question 41

TB causative organism

Answer 41

mycobacterium tuberculosis

Question 42

skin infections causative organisms

Answer 42

staphylococcus aureus streptococcus pyogenes pseudomonas aeruginosa

Question 43

eye infections causative organisms

Answer 43

staphylococcus aureus neisseria gonorrhoeae chlamydia trachomatis

Question 44

sinusitis causative organisms

Answer 44

streptococcus pneumoniae | haemophilus influenzae

Question 45

URTI/ epiglottitis causative organisms

Answer 45

streptococcus pyogenes | haemophilus influenzae

Question 46

gastritis causative organisms

Answer 46

helicobacter pylori

Question 47

food poisoning causative organisms

Answer 47

``` campylobacter jejuni salmonella shigella clostridium staphylococcus aureus escherichia coli ```

Question 48

UTI causative organisms

Answer 48

E.coli other enterobacteriaceae staphylococcus saprophyticus pseudomonas aeruginosa

Question 49

STI causative organisms

Answer 49

``` chlamydia trachomatis neisseria gonorrhoeae treponema pallidum ureaplasma urealyticum haemophilus ducreyi ```

Question 50

gram positive cocci

Answer 50

staphylococci streptococci enterococci

Question 51

gram positive bacilli

Answer 51

``` actinomyces bacillus clostridium diptheria listeria monocytogens ```

Question 52

gram negative cocci

Answer 52

neisseria | moraxella

Question 53

gram negative bacilli

Answer 53

``` most others! legionella campylobacter E.coli pseudomonas proteus salmonella ```

Question 54

antibiotics that target cell wall

Answer 54

penicillins vancomycin cephalosporins

Question 55

antibiotics that target DNA synthesis

Answer 55

quinolones / fluoroquinolones

Question 56

antibiotics that target ribosomes

Answer 56

``` macrolides chloramphenicol fusidic acid aminoglycosides tetracyclines ```

Question 57

antibiotics that target metabolic pathways

Answer 57

antifolates = trimethoprim

Question 58

UTIs

Answer 58

caused by E.coli | trimethoprim or nitrofurantoin

Question 59

skin infections/ cellulitis

Answer 59

staphylococcus bacteria | flucloxacillin

Question 60

dental abscesses

Answer 60

metronidazole

Question 61

emergency treatment of meningitis in GP

Answer 61

intramuscular benzylpenicillin

Question 62

treatment of meningitis in hospital

Answer 62

ceftriaxone

Question 63

tonsilitis treatment

Answer 63

penicillin V

Question 64

treatment for acute exacerbation of COPD in community

Answer 64

amoxicillin and prednisolone or clarithromycin

Question 65

treatment of sinusitis

Answer 65

amoxicillin

Question 66

treatment for sepsis of unknown origin

Answer 66

broad spectrum | amoxicillin, metronidazole and gentamicin