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2nd year > Host defence AMK teach > Flashcards

Host defence AMK teach Flashcards

1
Q

what is beclometasone?

A

inhaled corticosteroid for asthma or COPD

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2
Q

what is salbutamol?

A

short acting beta 2 agonist

inhaled

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3
Q

what is formeterol?

A

long acting inhaled beta 2 agonist

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4
Q

what is eplerenone?

A

from same family as spironolactone

antimineralocorticoid drug

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5
Q

use of eplerenone?

A

used in resistant hypertension

blocks aldosterone in kidney tubules so less sodium is reabsorbed so less water reabsorbed so decreases BP

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6
Q

what is furosemide?

A

loop diuretic

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7
Q

what is ramipril?

A

ACE inhibitor

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8
Q

what is rivaroxaban?

A

direct acting oral anticoagulant

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9
Q

what is nebivolol?

A

beta blocker

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10
Q

what is quetiapine?

A

antipsychotic

used for mania in bipolar

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11
Q

what is alendronic acid?

A

bisphosphonate used in osteoporosis

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12
Q

what is colecalciferol?

A

vitamin D analogue

bone protection

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13
Q

what do nitrates in urine suggest?

A

UTI caused by E.coli

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14
Q

what are the steps of sepsis?

A

SIRS
sepsis
Severe sepsis
Septic shock

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15
Q

SIRS

A 
temperature over 38.3 
or below 36 
respiratory rate over 20
heart rate over 90
WBC >12,000, <4000 
>10% bands 
PCO2 <32mmHg
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16
Q

Sepsis

A

2 SIRS

plus a confirmed or suspected infection

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17
Q

what is sepsis?

A

a life-threatening organ dysfunction due to a dysregulated host response to infection

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18
Q

severe sepsis

A

sepsis + signs of end organ damage
hypotension - systolic <90
lactate >4mmol

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19
Q

septic shock

A

severe sepsis with persistent signs of end organ damage
hypotension - systolic <90
lactate >4mmol

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20
Q

what is shock?

A

poor tissue perfusion

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21
Q

what are the types of shock?

A

cardiogenic
obstructive
hypovolaemic
distributive

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22
Q

physiology of cardiogenic shock

A

heart fails to pump blood out

reduced cardiac output

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23
Q

example causes of cardiogenic shock

A

MI
arrhythmias
valvular abnormalities

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24
Q

physiology of obstructive shock

A

heart pumps well but outflow is obstructed

reduced cardiac output

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25
Q

example causes of obstructive shock

A

PE
tension pneumothorax
cardiac tamponade

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26
Q

physiology of hypovolaemic shock

A

heart pumps well but not enough blood volume to pump

reduced cardiac output

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27
Q

example causes of hypovolaemic shock

A

haemorrhage

dehydration/ fluid loss

28
Q

physiology of distributive shock

A

heart pumps well but there is peripheral vasodilation/ leakiness
reduced systemic vascular resistance

29
Q

example causes of distributive shock

A

septic shock

anaphylaxis

30
Q

how many classes of haemorrhagic shock are there?

A

4

31
Q

class I haemorrhagic shock

A 
<750ml blood loss
15% 
HR<100
normal BP
normal 
respiratory rate = 14-20 
pulse pressure = normal 
slightly anxious 
urine output >30
32
Q

class II haemorrhagic shock

A 
750-1500ml blood lost 
15-30% 
HR >100
normal BP
decreased pulse pressure 
respiratory rate = 20-30 
urine output = 20-30 
mildly anxious
33
Q

class III haemorrhagic shock

A 
1500-2000ml blood loss
30-40% 
HR >120 
decreased BP and pulse pressure 
respiratory rate = 30-40 
urine output = 5-15 
anxious and confused
34
Q

class IV haemorrhagic shock

A 
>2000ml blood loss
>40% 
HR >140 
decreased BP and pulse pressure 
respiratory rate >35 
negligible urine output 
confused and lethargic
35
Q

treatment of sepsis

A 
blood cultures 
urine output 
fluids IV
antibiotics IV
lactate 
oxygen
36
Q

treatment of sepsis mnemonic

A

BUFALO

37
Q

bacterial meningitis causative organisms

A 
steptococcus pneumoniae 
neisseria meningitidis 
haemophilus influenzae 
streptococcus agalactiae
listeria monocytogenes
38
Q

otitis media causative organism

A

streptococcus pneumoniae

39
Q

CAP pneumonia causative organisms

A

streptococcus pneumoniae
haemophilus influenzae
staphylococcus aureus

40
Q

atypical pneumonia causative organisms

A

mycoplasma pneumoniae
chlamydia pneumoniae
legionella pneumophilia

41
Q

TB causative organism

A

mycobacterium tuberculosis

42
Q

skin infections causative organisms

A

staphylococcus aureus
streptococcus pyogenes
pseudomonas aeruginosa

43
Q

eye infections causative organisms

A

staphylococcus aureus
neisseria gonorrhoeae
chlamydia trachomatis

44
Q

sinusitis causative organisms

A

streptococcus pneumoniae

haemophilus influenzae

45
Q

URTI/ epiglottitis causative organisms

A

streptococcus pyogenes

haemophilus influenzae

46
Q

gastritis causative organisms

A

helicobacter pylori

47
Q

food poisoning causative organisms

A 
campylobacter jejuni
salmonella
shigella
clostridium 
staphylococcus aureus
escherichia coli
48
Q

UTI causative organisms

A

E.coli
other enterobacteriaceae
staphylococcus saprophyticus
pseudomonas aeruginosa

49
Q

STI causative organisms

A 
chlamydia trachomatis 
neisseria gonorrhoeae 
treponema pallidum 
ureaplasma urealyticum 
haemophilus ducreyi
50
Q

gram positive cocci

A

staphylococci
streptococci
enterococci

51
Q

gram positive bacilli

A 
actinomyces 
bacillus 
clostridium
diptheria
listeria monocytogens
52
Q

gram negative cocci

A

neisseria

moraxella

53
Q

gram negative bacilli

A 
most others! 
legionella
campylobacter
E.coli
pseudomonas 
proteus
salmonella
54
Q

antibiotics that target cell wall

A

penicillins
vancomycin
cephalosporins

55
Q

antibiotics that target DNA synthesis

A

quinolones / fluoroquinolones

56
Q

antibiotics that target ribosomes

A 
macrolides 
chloramphenicol
fusidic acid
aminoglycosides 
tetracyclines
57
Q

antibiotics that target metabolic pathways

A

antifolates = trimethoprim

58
Q

UTIs

A

caused by E.coli

trimethoprim or nitrofurantoin

59
Q

skin infections/ cellulitis

A

staphylococcus bacteria

flucloxacillin

60
Q

dental abscesses

A

metronidazole

61
Q

emergency treatment of meningitis in GP

A

intramuscular benzylpenicillin

62
Q

treatment of meningitis in hospital

A

ceftriaxone

63
Q

tonsilitis treatment

A

penicillin V

64
Q

treatment for acute exacerbation of COPD in community

A

amoxicillin and prednisolone or clarithromycin

65
Q

treatment of sinusitis

A

amoxicillin

66
Q

treatment for sepsis of unknown origin

A

broad spectrum

amoxicillin, metronidazole and gentamicin

2nd year (48 decks)

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