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Neuro Exam 2 > Hypothalamus, Thalamus, and Limbic System > Flashcards

Hypothalamus, Thalamus, and Limbic System Flashcards

1
Q

General function of thalamic nuclei

A

Relay general and special sensory info
Receive inputs from cerebellum and basal ganglia
Relay to associative and limbic cortical areas

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2
Q

The majority of the functional thalamic nuclei project to the ____ cerebral cortex

A

Ipsilateral

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3
Q

Thalamic nuclei associated with lateral nuclear group

A 
Ventral anterior
Ventral lateral
VPM/VPL
LGN
MGN
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4
Q

Thalamic nuclei associated with the anterior, medial, and intralaminar groups are non-specific and largely project to the broad ____ and _____ areas

A

Limbic; hypothalamic

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5
Q

Function of anterior, medial, and intralaminar nuclear groups

A

Instinctive drives, mood, emotional behavior

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6
Q

Among the anterior, medial, and intralaminar thalamic nuclear groups, the lateral dorsal nucleus is part of the ____ system

A

Limbic

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7
Q

Ventral anterior nuclei (of lateral thalamic nuclear group) project where?

A

Basal ganglia and primary/supplementary motor areas

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8
Q

Ventral lateral nuclei (of lateral thalamic nuclear group) project where?

A

Basal ganglia
Cerebellum
Primary/supplementary motor areas

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9
Q

VPM/VPL nuclei (of lateral thalamic nuclear group) project where?

A

Spinothalamic tracts
Medial lemniscus
Trigeminothalamic tracts

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10
Q

Functions of LGN vs. MGN nuclei (of lateral thalamic nuclear group)

A

LGN = visual afferents

MGN = auditory afferents

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11
Q

The reticular formation is made up of reticular nuclei which are diffuse and ill-defined. where are they located?

A

Brainstem — at midbrain, pons, and medullary levels

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12
Q

Type of serotonergic reticular nucleus that makes up a series of midline nuclei extending through the length of the brainstem

A

Raphe nuclei

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13
Q

Raphe nuclei have ascending projections to what brain structures?

A 
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Striatum
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Widespread cerebral cortex
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14
Q

Raphe nuclei are believed to be involved in what type of function?

A

Mood + cognitive function

Neural mechanisms of sleep

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15
Q

Function of reticular activating system

A

Controls states of consciousness, sleep, REM, HR, and respirations

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16
Q

Reticular nuclei re interconnected with basal nuclei and motor systems in the brainstem with widespread afferents and efferent connections with other parts of CNS.

Descending reticulospinal tracts originate from the _____ and _____ RAS and influence ___________

A

Medullary; pontine

Muscle tone and posture

17
Q

Ascending fibers from RAS are cholinergic and receive direct or indirect input from multiple sensory sources

They serve as an intermediary of _____ nuclei (mostly intralaminar) and influence activation of ______ ____ and heightened arousal

A

Thalamic; cerebral cortex

18
Q

Stria terminalis serves as efferent projections of the _______ in the brain, running in the walls of the lateral ventricle and following the curvature of the _____ nucleus to the hypothalamus and basal ganglia

A

Amygdala; caudate

19
Q

Ventral amygdalo-fugal fibers serve as efferent projections of the amygdala. Axons primarily from the basolateral cells synapse in the______ and _____ nuclei, as well as frontal, prefrontal, cingulate, insular, and inferior temporal cortices

A

Hypothalamus; septal

20
Q

Ventral amygdalo-fugal fibers from the central nucleus descend into the brainstem to terminate in the ______ and _____ nuclei, among others

A

Visceral (dorsal motor vagal); raphe

21
Q

What is the papez circuit?

A

Cingulate gyrus —> hippocampal formation and entorhinal areas

Hippocampus —> mammillary nuclei

Medial mammillary nucleus —> anterior nucleus of thalamus —> cingulate gyrus

[overall it is a pathway originating from cingulate gyrus exerting cortical conrol of emotional activity]

22
Q

The papez circuit is completed by the following connections:

________ tract that connects the medial mammillary nucleus to the anterior nucleus of the thalamus

Thalamocortical fibers from the _____ nucleus to cortex of cingulate gyrus

Projection from cingulate cortex to _____ cortex, subiculum, and hippocampus

The _______ (via fornix) returns info to mammillary body

A

Mammillothalamic

Anterior

Entorhinal

Subiculum

23
Q

Neuroanatomical basis and clinical manifestation of anosmia

A

Loss of smell d/t viral infection of olfactory mucosa, obstruction of nasal passages, or congenital defect

Lesions occur d/t shearing of CN I to tumors in floor of anterior cranial fossa

24
Q

What is phantosmia

A

Olfactory hallucinations = distortion in smell experience or perception of a smell when no odor is present

[due to abnormal sequence of neuronal activity]

25
Q

Lesions in what brain areas may result in phantosmia?

A

Anterior/medial temporal lobe
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Medial dorsal thalamic nuclei

26
Q

What causes hippocampal amnesia? What is the result?

A

Bilateral lesions of hippocampi

Profound deficit in anterograde episodic memory (cant learn new material)

[however still maintain procedural and working memory, as well as IQ and formal reasoning]

27
Q

Korsakoff’s results from progressive damage to what brain areas?

A

Mammillary bodies
Hippocampal complex
Dorsomedial thalamic nucleus

28
Q

Symptoms of korsakoff’s syndrome

A

Impedes retention of newly acquired memory

Difficulty learning new tasks

Difficulty understanding written material and conducting meaningful conversation

Pt will confabulate — combine fragmented memories into synthesized memory of event that never occurred

[caused by thiamine deficiency associated with chronic alcoholism]

29
Q

Cause and symptoms of Kluver-Bucy syndrome

A

Caused by bilateral temporal lobe lesions that abolish amygdaloid complex

Results in behavioral changes including:
Visual agnosia
Hyperorality
Hypermetamorphosis
Placidity
Hyperphagia
Hypersexuality
30
Q

What is an uncal herniation?

A

Uncus (and possibly parahippocampal gyrus) moves down over edge of tentorium cerebelli d/t hemorrhagic lesion or tumor in hemisphere

Initially compresses midbrain, may extend into lower brainstem levels

31
Q

Signs of uncal herniation

A

Dilated pupil and abnormal eye movements (CN III) with double vision ipsilateral to herniation

Weakness of extremities (CST involvement) opposite dilated pupil

As it progresses, respiration is affected, abnormal reflexes appear, potentially rapid decline

Neuro Exam 2 (21 decks)

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