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Neuro Exam 2 > Chemical Messengers and Excitotoxicity > Flashcards

Chemical Messengers and Excitotoxicity Flashcards

1
Q

Difference between ionotropic and metabotropic NTs

A

Ionotropic = FAST — increase conductance to certain ions by binding ligand-activated channels

Metabotropic = SLOW — act to alter membrane properties via second messenger (often GPCRs)

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2
Q

What are the 5 biogenic amine (monoamine) NTs

A

Catecholamines = epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine

Histamine
Serotonin

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3
Q

Synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine and RL step

A

Tyrosine —> L-DOPA (RL step) (requires tyrosine hydroxylase)

L-DOPA—> dopamine —> NE —> Epi

NE—> Epi requires PNMT

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4
Q

Dopamine is stored in vesicles in neurons. ____ work to move dopamine, epi, etc. into specialized storage vesicles

A

VMATs

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5
Q

Predominant mechanism for inactivation of Epi released by adrenal medulla, but also present in CNS

A

COMT

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6
Q

Which NT’s neurons are located in locus ceoruleus and project to nearly every part of CNS?

A

Norepinephrine

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7
Q

Functions of NE

A

Crucial to waking up and awareness

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8
Q

_____ is used by a small fraction of neurons in the CNS and is primarily released by adrenal medulla

A

Epinephrine

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9
Q

Where are the neurons that produce dopamine?

A

Substantia nigra

Ventral tegmental area of midbrain

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10
Q

4 major systems that use dopamine

A

Substantia nigra — motor

Mesolimbic — VTA to nucleus accumbens. Central to pleasure, reward, addiction

Mesocortical — VTA to frontal cortex. Attention, high-level consciousness

Tuberinfundibular — hypothalamus to AP. Supresses release of prolactin

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11
Q

Where is histamine found

A

Tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN) of posterior hypothalamus

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12
Q

Function of histamine

A

Wakefullness

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13
Q

Which histamine receptors mediate neuronal effects?

A

H1 and H2

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14
Q

What degrades histamine

A

Diamine oxidase

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15
Q

Serotonin neurons are located where?

A

Raphe nuclei

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16
Q

Derivation of serotonin

A

Tryptophan —tryptophan hydroxylase—> 5HTP (RL)

5HTP —5-HT decarboxylase—> serotonin

17
Q

Function and metabolism of serotonin

A

Controls attention and mood; involved in depression

Metabolized by MAO enzyme after uptake

18
Q

How many serotonin receptors are there? Are they metabotropic or ionotropic?

A

7

All are metabotropic associated with GPCR signaling except 5-HT3 which is ionotropic

19
Q

Function of 5-HT2A

A

Smooth muscle contraction

20
Q

Function of 5-HT3

A

Vomiting

21
Q

Function of 5HT6

A

High affinity for several antidepressants

22
Q

Function of 5HT2C

A

Plays a role in controlling normal body weight and preventing seizures

23
Q

Central location of acetylcholine (cholinergic NT)

A

Pons
Midbrain
Motor cortex

[peripheral locations = autonomics, NMJ]

24
Q

Location of ACh neurons

A

Basal forebrain complex, which includes septal nuclei and nucleus basalis

[others originate in pontomesencephalotegmental cholinergic complex]

25
Q

Function of ACh

A

Learning, memory, producing consciousness, voluntary motion, REM sleep

26
Q

Transport mechanism for ACh from cytosol into vesicles

A

VAChT

27
Q

Where is acetylcholinesterase found?

A

Bound to post synaptic cell membrane

28
Q

Which ACh receptors are ionotropic vs. metabotropic?

A

Nicotinic receptors are ionotropic

Muscarinic receptros are metabotropic

29
Q

Inhibitory amino acids

A

GABA

Glycine

30
Q

Location of GABA

A

Cortex, cerebellum (higher brain centers)

31
Q

Synthesis of GABA

A

Glutamate —glutamate decarboxylase—> GABA

32
Q

GABA tranmission is limited by ______. It is catabolized by __________ enzyme into succinic semialdehyde (SSA)

A

Reuptake; GABA-transaminase

33
Q

GABA receptors

A

GABA(A) = most prevalent, conducts chloride (IONOTROPIC), benzodiazepine receptor

GABA (B) = GPCR (METABOTROPIC), results in increased K+ conductance or decreased Ca conductance

34
Q

Main inhibitory NT in spinal cord

A

Glycine

35
Q

3 opioid peptides

A

Endorphins
Enkephalins
Dynorphins

36
Q

4 types of receptors for opioids

A

Mu = analgesia, increases K efflux

Kappa = analgesia, decreases Ca influx

Delta = analgesia, decreases Ca influx

Nociceptin = hyperalgesia

Neuro Exam 2 (21 decks)

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