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Neuro Exam 2 > General Terminology and Spinal Cord Morphology > Flashcards

General Terminology and Spinal Cord Morphology Flashcards

1
Q

The brain is composed of forebrain, cerebellum, and brainstem; what are the 2 components of the forebrain

A

Cerebral hemispheres

Diencephalon

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2
Q

Cell directly sensitive to various stimuli (e.g., touch or temp. change) or receive direct connections from non-neuronal receptor cells

A

Sensory neurons

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3
Q

Cells that directly contact muscles, glands, or other neurons (PNS ganglia)

A

Motor neurons

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4
Q

Neurons that have processes confined to a single small area of the CNS

A

Local interneurons

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5
Q

Neurons with long axons connecting different areas, as in a neuron in the cerebral cortex whose axon reaches the spinal cord

A

Projection neurons

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6
Q

Difference between gray matter and white matter

A

Gray = areas containing neuronal/glial cell bodies and dendrites

White = areas where there is a collection of axons, many covered with myelin

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7
Q

Fasciculus, funiculus, lemniscus, peduncle, and tract, are all terms for ____ matter

A

White

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8
Q

____ = collections of cell bodies with common function

____ = layers of gray matter over other parts of the CNS

A

Nuclei

Cortex

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9
Q

The diameter of the spinal cord changes along its length. What are the 2 enlargements?

A

Cervical enlargement: innervates the upper limbs (inferior cervical region)

Lumbosacral enlargement: innervates the lower limbs

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10
Q

31 pairs of spinal nn

A 
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal
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11
Q

Tapering inferior end of spinal cord

A

Conus medullaris

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12
Q

Inferior to conus medullaris, groups of axons project from the spinal cord as the _____ _____

The ____ ___ is a thin strand of pia mater that helps anchor the conus medullaris to the coccyx

A

Cauda equina

Filum terminale

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13
Q

The SC is anatomically segmented into ant. and post. horns.

Posterior rootlets enter the SC in the ____ ___, a shallow longitudinal groove

Anterior rootlets leave from the poorly defined ______ sulcus

Anterior and posterior rootlets join forming spinal nn

A

Posterolateral sulcus

Anterolateral sulcus

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14
Q

Which part of SC consists of interneurons whose processes remain within the SC and projection neurons whose axons collect into ascending sensory pathways?

A

Posterior horn

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15
Q

2 prominent parts of posterior horn of SC, present at all levels:

________ = distinctive region of gray matter that caps the posterior horn

_________ = consists of interneurons and projection neurons that transmit somatic and visceral sensory info

A

Substantia gelatinosa

Body

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16
Q

_____ = white matter located between substantia gelatinosa and the surface of the SC

A

Lissauer’s tract (contains finely myelinated/unmyelinated fibers with which interact with substantia gelatinosa)

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17
Q

Which part of the spinal cord contains cell bodies of the large motor neurons that supply skeletal muscle — lower motor neurons?

A

Anterior horn

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18
Q

Intermediate gray matter contains _______ neurons

At specific levels, it also includes ______ nucleus

A

Autonomic (preganglionic)

Clarke’s

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19
Q

What is clarke’s nucleus?

A

Collection of large cells located on the medial surface of the base of the posterior horn (T1-L2)

Has prominent role in sensory processing and is typically treated as part of posterior horn

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20
Q

Preganglionic sympathetic neurons lie in segments T1-L3, most located in the ________ ____ ____

This forms a pointy lateral horn on the spinal gray matter; their axons leave through the ventral roots

A

Intermediolateral cell column

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21
Q

Cells in a corresponding location in S2 to S4 constitute the ____ ____ ___, but do not form a distinct lateral horn; axons synapse on postganglionic parasympathetic neurons for _____ viscera

A

Sacral parasympathetic nucleus; pelvic

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22
Q

10 lamina of spinal cord gray matter

A

Lamina 1 (marginal zone): thin gray matter covering substantia gelatinosa

Lamina 2: substantia gelatinosa

Lamina 3-6: body of posterior horn

Lamina 7: intermediate gray matter (including Clarke’s nucleus), also extensions into anterior horn

Lamina 8: some interneuron zones of anterior horn

Lamina 9: clusters of motor neurons embedded in anterior horn

Lamina 10: zone of gray matter surrounding central canal

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23
Q

Associated levels, lamina, and function of marginal zone nucleus

A

All levels

Lamina I

Function: some spinothalamic tract cells

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24
Q

Associated levels, lamina, and function of substantia gelatinosa nucleus

A

All levels

Lamina II

Function: modulate transmission of pain and temp

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25
Q

Associated levels, lamina, and function of body of posterior horn nuclei

A

All levels

Lamina 3-6

Function: sensory processing

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26
Q

Associated levels, lamina, and function of clarke’s nucleus

A

Levels T1-L2

Lamina VII

Function: posterior spinocerebellar tract cells

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27
Q

Associated levels, lamina, and function of intermediolateral column

A

Levels T1-L3

Lamina VII

Function: preganglionic sympathetic neurons

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28
Q

Associated levels, lamina, and function of sacral parasympathetic nucleus

A

Levels S2-S4

Lamina VII

Function: preganglionic parasympathetic neurons —> pelvic viscera

29
Q

Associated levels, lamina, and function of accessory nucleus

A

Levels: medulla-C5

Lamina IX

Function: motor neurons —> SCM and trapezius

30
Q

Associated levels, lamina, and function of phrenic nucleus

A

Levels C3-5

Lamina IX

Function: motor neurons —> diaphragm

31
Q

Bundle of axon fibers in the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway of SC; carries sensory info from arms; ascending tract relaying info to brain via SC

A

Fasciculus cuneatus (FC)

32
Q

Bundle of axon fibers in the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway of SC; carries sensory info from middle thoracic and lower limbs of the body; ascending tract relaying info to the brain via SC

A

Fasciculus gracilis (FG)

33
Q

Sensory axons (cell bodies in DRG) enter SC and branch, terminating on neurons in spinal ____ matter

Axons emerge from motor neurons (____ horn) and exit SC to innervate skeletal mm

A

Gray

Anterior

34
Q

Functional Contents of white matter

A

Long descending tracts (from brainstem and forebrain)

Long ascending tracts (to brainstem, cerebellum, and forebrain)

Local axons interconnecting spinal levels

35
Q

Functional contents of gray matter

A

Motor neuron cell bodies
Endings of incoming sensory axons
Second order sensory cell bodies
Endings of long descending tracts and local interneurons

36
Q

4 prominent sulci that divide each cerebral hemisphere into 5 lobes

A

Central sulcus

Lateral sulcus (fissure)

Parietooccipital sulcus

Cingulate sulcus

37
Q

The frontal lobe extends medially to the _____ sulcus

A

Cingulate

38
Q

Medially, the parietal lobe is bounded inferiorly by the ____ and ____ sulci

A

Subparietal; calcarine

39
Q

Medially, the temporal lobe’s posterior boundary is an imaginary line extending from the preoccipital notch toward the corpus callosum, and part of its superior boundary is the _____ sulcus

A

Collateral

40
Q

_______ lobe is a strip of cortex that encircles the telencephalon-diencephalon junction

A

Limbic lobe

41
Q

The nervous system develops from the neural tube, that contains a central cavity. This cavity persists in adults as a system of interconnected ____

A

Ventricles

42
Q

Path of lateral ventricles to central canal

A 
Lateral ventricles
Interventricular foramen (of Monro)
3rd ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct (of sylvius)
4th ventricle
Central canals
43
Q

Central white matter that connects cortical areas within the same sulci/gyri

A

Arcuate fibers

44
Q

Central white matter that connects cortical areas within same hemisphere

A

Longitudinal/association fasciculi

45
Q

Central white matter that connects cortical areas within R/L hemispheres

A

Commissural tracts

46
Q

Central white matter that connects cortical areas within other body regions

A

Projection tracts

47
Q

Largest fiber bundle in the brain

A

Corpus callosum

48
Q

Part of corpus callosum with commissural fibers to/form temporal lobe, especially inferior parts

A

Anterior commissure

49
Q

Area of cerebral cortex not included in 5 main lobes; lies buried in lateral sulcus

A

Insula

50
Q

Insula can be seen by removing the ____, the portion of given lobe that is overlying (may be frontal, parietal, or temporal)

____ sulcus outlines the insula and marks its borders

A

Opercula

Circular

51
Q

Which lobe contains motor areas

A

Frontal lobe

52
Q

4 gyri that make up lateral surface of frontal lobe

A

Precentral gyrus
Superior frontal gyrus
Middle frontal gyrus
Inferior fronal gyrus

53
Q

Preceentral gyrus houses what?

A

Primary motor cortex — origin of descending motor paths and voluntary movements

Other frontal gyri have premotor and supplementary motor areas

54
Q

Area of frontal lobe, usually on left side, opercular and triangular parts of inferior frontal gyrus important in motor aspects of written and spoken language

A

Broca’s area

55
Q

Which lobe has somatosensory areas?

A

Parietal lobe

Includes postcentral gyrus, superior and inferior parietal lobules

56
Q

Which lobe has auditory areas

A

Temporal

Composed of superior, middle, and inferior temporal gyri

57
Q

Inferior surface of temporal lobe is made up of broad ____ ____

A

Occipitotemporal (fusiform) gyrus

58
Q

4 functions of temporal lobe

A

Primary auditory cortex
Wernicke’s area (may combine with parietal)
Higher order processing of visual info
Learning and memory

59
Q

Which lobe has visual areas

A

Occipital

60
Q

Lateral surface of occipital lobe has lateral occipital gyri

____ = wedge shaped area between parietooccipital sulcus and calcarine sulci

Lingual gyrus is inferior to calcarine sulcus and is usually continueous with the ____ gyrus

Primary visual cortex is contained in walls of ____ sulcus

A

Cuneus

Parahippocampal

Calcarine

[remainder of lobe is visual association cortex]

61
Q

Limbic lobe is mostly composed of ___ and ____ gyri

A

Cingulate; parahippocampal

62
Q

Anterior end of parahippocampal gyrus hooks backward on itself, forming a medial bump called the ___

A

Uncus

63
Q

Folded into the temporal lobe at the hippocampal sulcus is the ______

The ____ lies beneath the uncus of temporal lobe

A

Hippocampus

Amygdala

64
Q

Function of limbic lobe

A

Emotional responses
Drive-related behavior
Memory

65
Q

4 divisions of diencephalon

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
Subthalamus

66
Q

3 divisions of brainstem

A

Midbrain - continuous with diencephalon

Pons

Medulla

67
Q

Lobes of cerebellum

A

Anterior —receives afferents from SC, coordinates trunk and limb movements

Flocculonodular — receives afferents from vestibular system, controls eye movements and postural adjustment

Posterior — receives afferents from cerebral cortex via pons, role in voluntary movement

68
Q

Group of nuclei that lie deep in cerebral cortex in each hemisphere

A

Caudate nucleus

Lenticular nucleus = putamen + globus pallidus

69
Q

T/F: With few exceptions, the components of sensory primary afferents are all ipsilateral

A

True

Neuro Exam 2 (21 decks)

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