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Brain and behavior > Hypothalamus > Flashcards

Hypothalamus Flashcards

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1
Q

Functions of the hypothalamus

A

Homeostasis, body temp, hunger, thirst, metabolism, emotional states, circadian rhythms, sleep/wakefulness, reproductive functions.

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2
Q

Ach synthesized in

A

Nucleus basalis of meynert

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3
Q

Histamine synthesized in

A

Tuberomamillary nucleus

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4
Q

Functions of preoptic area and anterior hypothalamus

A

Thermoregulation (fever)
Fluid balance
Sexual behavior
Includes ventrolateral preoptic area – sleep!

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5
Q

Function of the suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

Site of master circadian clock that entrains with environmental light.

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6
Q

Function of the arcuate nucleus in the infundibulum

A

Regulation of feeding and body weight via CNS projections, neuroendocrine regulation via the anterior pituitary

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7
Q

Ventromedial nucleus

A

Feeding/drinking/body weight (reduces feeding)
thermoregulation
sexual behavior

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8
Q

Dorsomedial nucleus

A

Regulation of feeding/drinking/body weight (reduces feeding)

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9
Q

Lateral hypothalamus

A

Increases feeding, regulation of sleep-wakefulness

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10
Q

Paraventricular nucleus

A

Contains Magno and Parvocellular neurons that project to the pituitary

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11
Q

Magnocellular neurons

A

In the paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus, Make oxytocin and ADH and project directly to posterior pituitary

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12
Q

Parvocellular neurons

A

In the paraventricular nucleus, make releasing factors that influence the anterior pituitary (CRF, TRF, GNRF). Project to the pituitary portal system, which brings releasing hormones to the anterior pit.

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13
Q

Mammillary Nuclei

A

Considered part of the limbic system, thought to be important in memory (olfactory memories) Also has fornix, major output of hippocampus carrying axons to mammillary nuclei as well as to septum and nucleus accumbens.

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14
Q

HPA Axis

A

Excited by amygdala, inhibited by the hippocampus. PVN releases CRF to the anterior pituitary, releases ACTH to adrenals, makes glucocorticoids.

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15
Q

High TSH

A

Can mean HYPOthyroidism because of lack of inhibition

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16
Q

Autonomic inputs and outputs

A

Input to hypothalamus from RAS and NST, output via Vagus

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17
Q

Circadian rhythms controlled by

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus. Optic nerve innervates the SCN directly and indirectly via the thalamus. SCN innervates the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion, which projects to the pineal gland. SO sympathetic activation releases melatonin, but light turns off superior cervical ganglion.

18
Q

Molecular clock

A

Clock and BMal are TFs that activate period/cryptochrome, period inhibits clock and bmal and is degraded. As period degrades, it relieves in inhibition.

19
Q

Where is the molecular clock located?

A

Everywhere! Very ubiquitous

20
Q

Orexin created in?

A

Lateral hypothalamus – induces wakefulness

21
Q

Where do orexigenic neurons project to?

A

Cortex and thalamus, also projects to ARAS to cause REM-OFF

22
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Caused by the death of orexigenic neurons, which quiets the thalamocortical circuits, causing synchronized EEGs.

23
Q

Sleep and arousal

A

Both active processes, sleep is not just the removal of arousal.

24
Q

Brain structure that drives REM sleep?

A

PPT (pontine tegmentum), ACh. Wake the thalamus during sleep to cause awake-like EEG.

25
Q

VLPO-

A

Ventrolateral preoptic area, causes sleep. Activated by general anesthetics

26
Q

How do antidepressants disrupt REM sleep?

A

By activating the ARAS

27
Q

Production of leptin

A

By fat cells to reduce appetite. Works via JAK-Stat

28
Q

Db mouse

A

Has loss of function at leptin receptor (hyperphagia, obesity, diabetes)

29
Q

Can leptin explain obesity?

A

No, leptin levels are appropriately high in obese.

30
Q

Where does leptin act?

A

In the arc nucleus where it inhibits orexigenic factors (NPY and AgRP) and stimulates anorexigenic factors (MSH, CART)

31
Q

Hormones in medial hypothalamus, lateral hypothalamus

A

Medial: Corticotropin releasing factor
Lateral: Melanin Concentrating hormone.

32
Q

NPY

A

Most orexigenic factor known

33
Q

MSH

A

Melanocortin derived from POMC, M4 receptor, Gs Linked

34
Q

AgRP

A

Antagonist of M4 (MSH receptor)

35
Q

MCH

A

Melanin concentrating hormone. Gi linked receptors. Major orexigen

36
Q

Are brain actions of insulin required for full glucose metabolism?

A

Yes.

37
Q

Ghrelin

A

Secreted by stomach as a function of fasting, orexigenic.

38
Q

GLP-1

A

Strongly anorexigenic. Promotes insulin, reduces glucagon.

39
Q

Feeding and the mesolimbic pathway

A

Food is rewarding, increases DA in VTA NACC. Leptin and ghrelin act here.

40
Q

SSRIs and appetite?

A

Suppress it! Maybe at 5ht2c

41
Q

CB1 receptors and appetite?

A

Activate CB1, get the munchies.

Brain and behavior (55 decks)

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