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NEURO > Hypothalamus > Flashcards

Hypothalamus Flashcards

1
Q

Hypothalamus regulates ___ (5)

A
  • BP and electrolyte balance
  • body temp
  • energy metabolism
  • reproduction
  • emergency response
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2
Q

3 Mechanisms

A
  1. receives sensory signals from the body (vision, olfaction, somesthetic, visceral, hormonal)
  2. compares signals with biologically set oints
  3. Restores homeostasis by – adjusting ANS, endocrine, behavior
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3
Q

Functions (6)

A
  1. control release of 8 hormones
  2. temp regulation
  3. food/water intake regulation
  4. sexual behavior, reproduction
    5l control daily cycles in physiolodical state and behavior
  5. mediate emotional responses
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4
Q

Adenohypophyseal System (Portal System)

A
  • HT neurons produce releasing or inhibiting factors
  • goes to portal system
  • adenohypophysis (ant pituitary) produces/stores releasing factors
  • peripheral glands produce/release hormones
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5
Q

Neurohypophyseal Systems

A
  • HT produces hormones – go via hypophyseal tract to neurohypophysis (post pituitary)
  • regulates blood concentation (ADH)
  • oxytocin, vassopressin
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6
Q

HT nuclei – med -> lat

A
  • periventricular
  • medial
  • lateral
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7
Q

Regulation of Body Fat and Feeding

A

watches leptin levels - leptin decreases appetite, increases energy expenditure, regulates body mass
-leptin depletion incites adaptive responses to fight starvation

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8
Q

Lateral Nuclear Group

A

= feeding center

  • lesion lateral = starve
  • lesion medial = fat
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9
Q

Arcuate nucleus

A
  • reads leptin levels

- activation -> release of anorectic peptides -> decreased apetite (paraventricular nuc stim SNS, release of ACTH)

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10
Q

Decreased Leptin

A
  • arcuate nuc activate PSNS, stimulate feeding

- inhibit ACTH release

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11
Q

phases of eating

A
  • cephalic = food introduced
  • gastric = eat it
  • substrate = digest
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12
Q

Factors affecting appetite

A
  • Satiety - nuc sol
  • gastric distention - vagus
  • CCK - hunger suppresant
  • insulin
  • dopamine - self-stimulatioin
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13
Q

Dopamine and Motivation

A
  • low dope = lack motivation to seek food, but enjoy it when its available
  • stim dope = craving for food without increaseing hedonic (like food) impact
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14
Q

Serotonin levels

A

low - postabsorption
rise - anticipating food
spike - during meals

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15
Q

Drinking motivation

A
  1. Hypovolemia - low blood volume

2. Hypertonicity - increased concentration

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16
Q

Volumetric Thirst (triggered by hypovolemia)

A
  • incr angiotensin II to kidney – kidney sends info to subfornical organ (monitors blood volume) – signal to HT
  • mechanoreceptors in vessels, heart – vagus – nuc sol, – HT
17
Q

Osmometric Thirst

A
  • OVLT regulates osmolarity
  • OVLT excites lat. HT area and magnocellular neurosecretory cells –> stim osmometric thirst
  • diabetes: lack vassopressn –> don’t release enough ADH –> water leaves
18
Q

Temp reg – areas of HT

A
  • neurons for temp homeostasis in ANTERIOR HT
  • humoral/visceromotor response in MEDIAL PREOPTIC AREA
  • somatic motor (behavior) responses in LATERAL HT
19
Q

Temp Reg – decreased temp

A
  • visceromotor - goosebumps
  • somatic motor – shiver
  • TSH released by ant pit –> stim release of thyroxin from thyroid –> incr cell metabolism
20
Q

Temp rise

A

slow metabolism by reducing TSH release

21
Q

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

A

-circadian signals (light/dark cycle)

22
Q

Pre-optic area

A
  • switch from wakefulness to sleep

- inhibits BS, neurons that maintain arousal

23
Q

Awake waves

A

Alpha and beta - low amp high freq

24
Q

Stage I sleep

A

light sleep

theta waves

25
Q

Stage 2 sleep

A

breathing, HR slows, slight drop body temp

theta waves

26
Q

Stage 3 sleep

A

beginning of deep sleep

beginning of delta waves

27
Q

Stage 4

A

very deep sleep

delta

28
Q

Stage 5

A

REM - ms relax, HR increases, rapid/shallow breathing

beta

29
Q

REM - hormones

A
  • ACH promotes entry

- Serotonin, NE inhibit

30
Q

Orexin

A

chemical used by HT for neurotransmission

-regulates arousal, wakefulness

31
Q

Narcolepsy

A

cant regulate sleep-wake cycles regularly

32
Q

Cataplexy

A

sudden transient loss of ms tone followed by full concious awareness (70% w narc)

33
Q

REM - HT

A
  • lateral HT (orexin) inhibits

- preoptic turns on

34
Q

synchronous

A
  • stage 1-4 - EEG is slower, larger

- high amp, low freq

35
Q

Desynchronus

A
  • stage 5 REM
  • low amp, high freq
  • paradoxical sleep - body deeply asleep, EEG looks like waking brain

NEURO (10 decks)

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