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NEURO > Development/Developmental Disorders > Flashcards

Development/Developmental Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Gastrulation

A
  • phase in development during which the single layered blastula is reorganized into three germ layers (trilaminar)
  • begins with formation of Primitive Streak (13-14 days)
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2
Q

3 Germ Layers

A

Ectoderm (nervous tissue, skin)
Mesoderm (CT, musculoskeletal)
Endoderm (visceral linings)

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3
Q

Neurulation (creates 3 things)

A
  • Starts at 18 days
  • Begins with formation of a neural plate
  • Accomplishes 3 things: 1. Creates neural tube 2. creates neural crest 3. creates epidermis
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4
Q

Neural Plate

A
  • thickening of ectoderm caused when cuboidal epithelial cells become columnar (formation of neural plate is beginning of neurulation)
  • invaginates into mesoderm and edges approximate to form neural tube
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5
Q

Neural Tube

A
  • formed from neural plate, gives rise to CNS

- formed by day 20

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6
Q

Neural Crest (6 things)

A
  • migrates away from dorsal surface of neural tube, gives rise to diverse set of cell types
  • becomes DRG, ANS ganglia, adrenal medulla, pigmented cells of skin/retina, pia matter, post lobe pituitary
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7
Q

Epidermis

A

covers neural tube once created

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8
Q

Implantation of the blastula occurs on Day ___

A

6

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9
Q

Primitive Streak

A
  • 13-14 days
  • invagination of cells to form the 3 germ layers
  • Beginning of gastrulation
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10
Q

Primary Vesicle Stage

A
  • begins when neural tube is fully closed (28 days)

- formation of prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon

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11
Q

Rhombencephalon

A

hindbrain

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12
Q

Mesencephalon

A

midbrain

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13
Q

Prosencephalon

A

forebrain

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14
Q

Cervical flexure

A

when mesen folds onto rhomben

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15
Q

Secondary Vesicle Stage

A
  • 6 weeks
  • prosencephalon becomes telencephalon (cerebral hemisphere) and diencephalon (thalamus)
  • mesencephalon stays the same
  • rhombencephalon becomes metencephalon (cerebellum, pons) and myelencephalon (medulla oblongata)
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16
Q

3 months

A
  • telencephalon grows lateral, posterior over diencephalon

- peak of neural cell proliferation

17
Q

6 months

A
  • start to see sulci

- glial cell proliferation at peak

18
Q

mantle layer of neural tube

A

-becomes grey matter, where neurons form

19
Q

Marginal layer of neural tube

A

-becomes white matter (myelinated axons)

20
Q

Basal plate & Alar plate of neural tube

A

basal plate forms ventral horn

alar plate forms dorsal horn

21
Q

Surface ectodern

A

becomes epidermis, lens of eye

22
Q

Somites

A

-each somite is divided into sclerotome, dermatome, and myotome

23
Q

Myotome (2 parts)

A

supplied by one spinal nerve
2 parts:
1. epaxial division (dorsal rami - extensors of neck and back)
2. hypaxial (ventral rami - neck, prevertebral, and limb ms)

24
Q

Occipital Myotomes (postotic)

A

give rise to muscles of tounge supplied by hypoglossal nerve

25
Q

Preotic Myotomes

A
  • cranial to occipital myotomes

- extra-ocular muscles of eye ( CN 3, 4, 6)

26
Q

Otic Somites

A

balance/equilibrium, hearing

27
Q

Pharyngeal (branchial) arches

A
  • form in utero (week 4) as a series of mesodermal outpouchings on sides of developing pharynx
  • form visceral structures
28
Q

Myeloschisis (3 types)

A
  • developmental anomoly characterized by a cleft spinal cord
  • neuroplate fails to form complete tube
  • spina bifida, anencephaly, Arnold-Chiari syndrome
29
Q

Spina Bifida (5 types)

A
  • most common form myeloschisis

- occulta, meningocele, meningomyelocele, syringomyelocele, myelocele

30
Q

Spina Bifida Occulta

A
  • failure of neural arches of vertebrae to fuse dorsally

- still have complete NS, get dimple in back with hair

31
Q

Meningocele

A
  • subarachnoid space bulges through unfused neural arches (dura and arachnoid bulge out)
  • cyst made of dura and arachnoid passes through hole in vertebrae, filled w fluid
  • surgically repaired
  • can also happen in cranial meninges (named for location on skull)
32
Q

Meningomyelocele

A
  • caudal spinal cord and nerve root bulge though arch

- surgically repaired (if not problems with posture, bladder)

33
Q

Syringomyelocele

A
  • dorsal 1/2 of cord bulges out in cyst

- not compatible with life

34
Q

Myelocele

A

-enitre cord bulges out, exposed to environment (no cyst)

35
Q

Arnold-Chiari Syndome

A

-congenital anomoly in which cerebellum and medulla protrude into SC through foramen magnum

36
Q

Anencephaly

A
  • congenital absence of cranial vault

- defect in development of rostral neural tube – cerebral hemispheres don’t develop

37
Q

Meningocephalocele

A
  • protrusion of part of cerebellum, covered by meninges and skin
  • defect at foramen magnum
38
Q

Meningohydroencephalocele

A

-protrusion of part of occipital lobe containing part of
posterior horn of lateral ventricle
-defect at posterior fontanelle

NEURO (10 decks)

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