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Basic Neuro - Test 2 > Hypothalamus > Flashcards

Hypothalamus Flashcards

1
Q

the hypothalamus nucleus is

A

fully fxnal at birth

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2
Q

hypothalamic fxns

A

control of appetite

fluid balance

glucose concentration

metabolism

sleeping

body temp regulation

continuation of the species

memory and emotional behavior

maintenance of homeostasis

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3
Q

what does the hypothalamus respond to

A

neural and non-neural stimulation

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4
Q

how is the hypothalamus divided

A

sagittal into 3 zones

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5
Q

3 zones of the hypothalamus

A

periventricular

medial and lateral

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6
Q

perventricular

A

concerned with neuroendocrine regulation

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7
Q

medial and lateral

A

concerned w/ affective states

including hunger and thirst

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8
Q

the 3 zones of the hypothalamus could be

A

further subdivided into subnuclei

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9
Q

how else is the hypothalamus divided

A

optic chiasm

tuber cinereum

mamillary bodies

into 4 regions in rostrocaudal sequence

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10
Q

4 regions of the hypothalamus

A

preoptic region

supraoptic region (chiasmatic or anterior)

tuberal region (infundibular or middle)

mamillary region (posterior)

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11
Q

preoptic region controls

A

the release of reproductive hormones from the pituitary gland

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12
Q

what does the preoptic region have

A

sexual dimorphism

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13
Q

sexual dimorphism –> females

A

anterior pituitary gland releases gonadotropic hormones

control the menstrural cycle

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14
Q

sexual dimorphism –> males

A

hormone release in continuous

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15
Q

supraoptic region

A

contains around 6 nuclei

3 most important are
-suprachiasmic nucleus
-anterior hypothalamic nucleus
-paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei

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16
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

receives visual info from retina

fxns in control of circadian rhythms

referred to as the “master clock of the body”

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17
Q

anterior hypothalamic nucleus

A

involved in temp regulation

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18
Q

paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei

A

most abundant blood supply in the brain

neurons synthesize the neurohypophyseal hormones –> oxytocin and ADH

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19
Q

tuberal region contains

A

nuclei involved in the control of anterior pituitary gland hormone release, caloric intake, appetite

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20
Q

tuberal region –> arcuate nucleus

A

infundibular nucleus

neurons that produce hypothalamic-releasing hormones

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21
Q

axons from tuberal region

A

form the tuberohypophyseal tract

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22
Q

tuberohypophyseal tract

A

goes to infundibulum

pass into the hypophyseal portal system

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23
Q

mamillary region

A

mamillary nuclei

3-4 of them form a mamillary body

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24
Q

what are the mamillary nuclei

A

major target protection area from hippocampus via the fornix

relaying input related to emotions

25
Q

what do the mamillary nuclei do

A

relay input to the anterior nuclei of thalamus

via prominent mammillothalamic tract

26
Q

mamillary region –> posterior hypothalamic nucleus

A

contains cells that are sensitive to a decrease in the temp of the blood

27
Q

what does the posterior hypothalamic nucleus serve as

A

a thermostat

regulates body temp by conserving and stimulating heat production

28
Q

what does the hypothalamus receive info from

A

external and internal conditions

29
Q

info the hypothalamus receives

A

specific sensory info

input from visceral senses

contains many neurons that are sensitive to local temp, osmolarity, glucose, sodium

circulating hormones influence it via the circumventricular organs

30
Q

input from visceral senses

A

NTS

–> nucleus of the solitary tract-taste

31
Q

circulating hormones influence it via the circumventricular organs

A

brain regions near ventricles that lack a BBB

32
Q

main output from hypothalamus

A

projections terminate in the sources of hypothalamic input

in addition to the neural input, projects to anterior and posterior pituitary glands

33
Q

what is the heat loss center

A

anterior hypothalamus

34
Q

anterior hypothalamic nuclei

A

stimulated by warmth and initiates heat loss mechanisms

35
Q

what do anterior hypothalamic nuclei cause

A

cutaneous vasodilation and sweating

36
Q

lesions to anterior hypothalamus

A

cause hyperthermic

rectal temps sometimes reaching 43 Celsius

37
Q

main NT of anterior hypothalamus

A

norepinephrine

38
Q

what is the heat gain center

A

posterior hypothalamus

39
Q

posterior hypothalamic nucleus (heat gain center)

A

stimulated by cold and initates heat gain mechanisms

causes shivering

40
Q

lesions to posterior hypothalamus

A

failure of body temp

41
Q

main NT of posterior hypothalamus

A

serotonin

42
Q

regulation of food intake

A

through operation of 2 centers

feeding center

satiety

43
Q

feeding center

A

located in the lateral nucelli

stimulation evokes eating behavior in conscious animals

destruction causes anorexia

44
Q

satiety center

A

located in ventromedial nucleus

stimulation causes cessation of eating

45
Q

lesions to satiety center

A

hyperphagia and hypothalamic obesity

46
Q

what does the satiety center do to the feeding center

A

inhibits it

47
Q

what causes an increase in orexin synthesis

A

fasting

48
Q

administration of exogenous orexin

A

induces eating

49
Q

when does orexin production decrease

A

at night

causes an individual to fall asleep

50
Q

the hypothalamus is

A

master controlled of autonomic fxns

51
Q

stimulation of anterior and middle hypothalamus

A

controls the activities of the PS NS

52
Q

stimulation of the posterior and lateral hypothalamus

A

controls the activities of the sympathetic NS

53
Q

rage center

A

lateral nuclei of the hypothalamus

54
Q

placidity center

A

ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus

55
Q

rage center is stimulated by

A

amygdaloid nucleus int he limbic system

56
Q

rage center is inhibited by

A

signals from the placidity center and the neocortex

57
Q

where is the hypothalmus

A

on the floor of the brain

along the walls of the 3rd ventricle

behind the optic chiasm

above the pituitary

58
Q

how does the hypothalamus control the pituitary

A

2 ways

Basic Neuro - Test 2 (14 decks)

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