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Basic Neuro - Test 2 > Basal Ganglia - Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Basal Ganglia - Lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

where are basal ganglia located

A

deep in the gray matter of the brain

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2
Q

what makes up the forebrain

A

basal ganglia

cerebral cortex

diencephalon

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3
Q

what do the basal ganglia connect

A

the cortex and the thalamus

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4
Q

what does basal ganglia organize

A

muscle driven “motor” movements of the body

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5
Q

what are the basal ganglia

A

a group of nuclei in the brain

associated with motor and learning fxns

there is no single definitive fxn that can be assigned to the basal ganglia

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6
Q

individual nuclei that make up the basal ganglia

A

striatum

external segment of the globus pallidus (Gpe)

internal segment of the globus pallidus (Gpi)

subthalmamic nucleus

substantia nigra

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7
Q

how can the striatum be divided

A

putamen

caudate nucelus

nucleus accumbens

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8
Q

how can the substantia nigra be seperated

A

pars compacta (SNc)

pars reticulata (SNr)

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9
Q

what is the substantia nigra involved in

A

certain aspects of movement and attention

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10
Q

what does the pars compacta contain

A

densely-packed neurons

colored black by pigments

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11
Q

where do a majority of the neurons from the substantia nigra go

A

send their axons along the nigrostriatal pathway to the striatum

at the striatum they release the NT dopamine

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12
Q

pathology of parkinsons

A

degeneration of the cells in the substantia nigra

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13
Q

reason for most cases of parkinsons

A

death of the dopamine receptors

unknown cause

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14
Q

dopamine

A

chemical naturally produced in the body

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15
Q

how does dopamine fxn

A

NT activating dopamine receptors

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16
Q

how is dopamine critical

A

to the way the brain controls our movement

crucial part of the basal ganglia motor loop

17
Q

how can dopamine be supplied

A

as a medication that acts on the sympathetic NS

producing effects –> ex: increased HR and BP

18
Q

can dopamine cross the BBB

A

no

does not directly affect the CNS

19
Q

how could we increase the amount of dopamine in the brain of pts

A

synthetic precursor –> L-dopa

allows dopamine to cross the BBB

20
Q

what is the striatum best known for

A

its role in the planning and modulation of movement pathways

21
Q

what is the striatum also involved with

A

a variety of other cognitive processes involving executive fxn

22
Q

what is the striatum

A

primary input zone for other brain areas to connect to the basal ganglia

23
Q

how do the basal ganglia use the striatum

A

receive input from the cortex w/ a majority of projections from the motor and prefrontal cortices

24
Q

movement disorders can be

A

hyperkinetic

hypokinetic

25
Q

hyperkinetic movement disorders

A

hemiballismus

huntingtons dz

26
Q

hypokinetic movement disorders

A

parkinsons dz

drug induced (neuroleptics, MPTP)

27
Q

hemiballismus

A

injury usually to STN

decrease inhibition (indirect pathway)

characterized by uncontrolled flinging

treatment: dopamine antagonist

28
Q

parkinsons dz

A

loss of DA neurons in substantia nigra

4 cardinal symptoms

29
Q

4 cardinal symptoms of parkinsons

A

bradykinesia

akinesia

rigidity

tremor

30
Q

pallidotomy

A

permanent

unilateral

radio-frequency lesion

improvement in “off period” not “on” period

no change L-dopa dosage

31
Q

radio-frequency lesion

A

MRI and CT stereotactic localization

micro-electrode recording for localization

32
Q

what does pallidotomy have a risk of

A

hemiballismus

33
Q

subthalmic stimulation

A

adjustable, reversible

can be used bilaterally

localized

improvements in “off” some in “on”

reduction in L-dopa dosage

34
Q

localized –> subthalamic stimulation

A

by MRI or CT

physiologically by coordinated firing and tremor

35
Q

what do current therapies do

A

treat the symptoms

do not stop the progression of the dz

Basic Neuro - Test 2 (14 decks)

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