Hypertension (Exam IV) Flashcards
Which ethnicity is most affected by hypertension?
Sex?
- African Americans
- No thank you (jk its women)
Hypertension is defined as sustained systolic BP > ______ mmHg.
130
Hypertension is defined as sustained diastolic BP > ______ mmHg.
80
Isolated systolic hypertension is defined as systolic BP greater than ______ and diastolic BP less than ______ mmHg.
130
80
Isolated diastolic hypertension is defined as systolic BP less than ______ and diastolic BP greater than ______ mmHg.
130
80
Differentiate stage 1 and stage 2 hypertension.
Stage 1:
- sBP of 130 - 139
- dBP of 80 - 89
Stage 2:
- sBP ≥ 140
- dBP ≥ 90
What is the cause of Primary (essential) HTN?
Etiology unclear
What factors contribute to primary HTN?
- SNS activity
- Dyregulation of RAAS
- Deficient endogenous vasodilators
Increased and dysregulated renin release results in elevated levels of what two effector molecules of the RAAs?
Angiotensin II → Aldosterone
(thus ↑ H₂O/ Na⁺ = HTN)
Angiotensin I is cleaved into angiotensin II by _______.
chymase
Reduced efficacy of ACE-inhibitors is seen in _______.
females
Where are vasodilatory substances produced?
Vascular endothelium
What vasoactive substances are produced by the vascular endothelium?
- NO (dilatory)
- Endothelin (constrictive)
Aside from nitric oxide, what other vasodilators should be known?
- ANP
- BNP
- C-type NP
- Urodilatin
Vasodilators? needs work.
What are the results of oxidative stress on the vasculature?
- Impaired endothelial function
- Disruption of NP release and/or receptor response
What are ARNI’s?
Angiotensin Receptor Neprilysin Inhibitors (Sacubitril)
