Endocrine (Exam III) Flashcards
What is the purpose of the pancreas?
What general types of cells does it have?
- Digestion, metabolism, utilization & energy storage
- Exocrine & endocrine (Islet of Langherhans)
What types of endocrine cells are there and what principal hormone/substance is produced by each?
- Αlpha (20%): Glucagon
- Βeta (75%): Insulin
- Delta (5%): Somatostatin
What three areas use 85% of glucose? (per lecture)
- Brain
- GI tract
- RBCs
this seems wrong…
What characterizes the pathophysiology of Type I DM?
- T-cell autoimmune destruction of βcells
- 80-90% βeta cell loss
- Insulin required.
What characterizes the pathophysiology of Type II DM?
- β cell insufficiency & insulin resistance
What are the two primary ways that a diabetes diagnosis is made (outside of symptoms)?
- A1C ≥ 6.5%
- Fasting blood glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL
Differentiate biguanides and sulfonylureas in the treatment of diabetes.
- Biguanides (metformin): ↓ gluconeogenesis and ↑ glucose use by muscle and adipose
- Sulfonylureas (glipizide): ↑ insulin secretion from β cells.
What are the signs/symptoms of DKA?
- Tachypnea (Kussmaul respirations)
- N/V
- LOC changes
- Dehydration
What is the treatment for DKA?
- IVF
- Regular Insulin gtt (BG q1h)
- Replace electrolytes
- Na⁺HCO₃⁻ if pH < 7
How does Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome differ from DKA?
- Hyperosmolar state w/ metabolic acidosis
- Treatment includes hypotonic saline to treat the ↑mOsm plasma.
What structure connects the two parts of the thyroid?
Isthmus
How many parathyroid glands are there?
how many bitches does Mario get?
4
all of them
What is a normal TSH level?
0.4 - 5 milliunits/L
What are symptoms of thyrotoxicosis?
- Fever
- ↑HR
- Dehydration
- LOC changes
- Extreme anxiety
What is the treatment of thyrotoxicosis (thyroid storm)?
- Crystalloids
- Dexamethasone
- Propylthiouracil
- Phenylephrine
- βblockers
A diagnosis of Grave’s disease is consistent with:
A. Somnolence
B. Weight loss
C. Elevated TSH
D. Decreased T₄
B. Weight loss
Anesthetic considerations for syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone (SIADH) include:
(Select 2)
A. Measurement of urine osmolality
B. Administration of pre-operative midazolam
C. Stress dosing of dexamethasone
D. Titrating IV fluid
A. Measurement of urine osmolality
D. Titrating IV fluid
All of the anesthetic considerations are indicated in a patient with hyperparathyroidism EXCEPT:
A. Pre-operative ECG
B. Avoiding the use of midazolam pre-operatively.
C. IV fluid administration
D. Administration of 40mg of rocuronium.
D. Administration of 40mg of rocuronium.
Which statement BEST describes acromegaly?
A. An insufficiency of growth hormone.
B. Occurs due to a tumor in the posterior pituitary gland.
C. Hypoglycemia is frequent concern.
D. Decreased amounts of neuromuscular blockers is recommended.
D. Decreased amounts of neuromuscular blockers is recommended.
What hormones/substances are produced in the adrenal cortex?
- Glucocorticoids
- Mineralcorticoids
- Androgens
What hormones/substances are produced in the adrenal medulla?
Epi and NE
What are some bodily functions regulated by cortisol?
- Macromolecule metabolism
- Gluconeogenesis enchancement
- Immune response
- BP maintenance
- Appetite promotion
- Na⁺/K⁺ maintenance
What portion of the adrenal gland is secreting excess catecholamines in pheochromocytoma?
- Chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla