Hypertension

Question 1

What is stage 1 hypertension defined as?

Answer 1

Clinic blood pressure - 140/90 mmHg or higher

Question 2

What is stage 2 hypertension defined as?

Answer 2

Clinic BP - 160/100 mmHg or higher

Question 3

What is severe hypertension defined as?

Answer 3

Clinic BP - 180/110 mmHg or higher

Question 4

What is the name given to the type of hypertension that has no known cause?

Answer 4

Primary hypertension

Question 5

What is the name given to the hypertension that has an underlying cause/condition?

Answer 5

Secondary hypertension

Question 6

What does activation of the sympathetic nervous system produce?

Answer 6

Vasoconstriction
Reflex tachycardia
Increased cardiac output

Question 7

What two things can hypertension often lead to?

Answer 7

End-organ damage

Development of CVD

Question 8

Where is renin produced?

Answer 8

The juxtaglomerular of kidney

Question 9

All of the triggers that start production of renin are indicators of what?

Answer 9

Low MAP

Question 10

What renin convert inactive angiotensin into?

Answer 10

Angiotensin I

Question 11

What two things does angiotensin II stimulate?

Answer 11

Release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex

Release of ADH from the pituitary

Question 12

Give 4 risk factors for hypertension?

Answer 12

Sodium intake and diet
Alcohol
Weight
Race

Question 13

What is the first measure for identifying true hypertension?

Answer 13

Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring

Question 14

If ABPM is not possible/suitable, what could you do instead?

Answer 14

Home blood pressure monitoring

Question 15

What are the 3 types of frontline drug treatments in hypertension?

Answer 15

ACE inhibitor/ Angiotensin receptor blockers
Calcium channel blockers
Thiazide-type diuretic

Question 16

If a person under the age of 40 has stage 1 hypertension, what should be done?

Answer 16

Should be referred to a specialist

Question 17

To people over the age of 55 or with African or Caribbean family origin, what should be offered as step 1 treatment?

Answer 17

CCB

Question 18

To people under the age of 55, what should be offered as step 1 treatment of hypertension?

Answer 18

ACEI/ARB

Question 19

What is the step 2 hypertension treatment for all persons?

Answer 19

Addition of a thiazide-type diuretic

Question 20

What is the main role of ACEIs?

Answer 20

To competitively inhibit the actions of Angiotensin converting enzymes

Question 21

What could be a possible severe side effect of ACEI?

Answer 21

Kidney shut down

Question 22

What do ARBs completely block the actions of?

Answer 22

Angiotensin II at the angiotensin AT1 receptor

Question 23

What are the two types of CCBs?

Answer 23

Vasodilating

Rate limiting

Question 24

What type of channels do CCBs block?

Answer 24

L-type calcium channels

Question 25

What is hypertension during pregnancy a common risk factor for?

Answer 25

Pre-eclampsia

Question 26

In treatment of accelerated hypertension, what is the immediate goal in terms of reduction of DBP?

Answer 26

Reduction of 15-20% over 30-60 min period

Question 27

What can a sudden and excessive BP reduction cause?

Answer 27

Reduced organ perfusion

Multi organ infarction