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MED SURG 2 > Hypertension > Flashcards

Hypertension Flashcards

Exam 1/ Ch 30 Cardiovascular

1
Q

What is the most frequently encountered health issue in primary care?

A

Hypertension

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2
Q

Hypertension is also known as ….

A

high blood pressure

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3
Q

If left untreated hypertension can lead to what health conditions?

A

stroke, heart attack, kidney failure or death

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4
Q

What do the latest guidelines from the American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association recommend to maintain the blood pressure below for everyone?

A

130/ 80 mm Hg

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5
Q

For patients whose bp exceeds the target of 130/80 mm Hg what do the guidelines advocate for?

A

treatment with medication and lifestyle changes

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6
Q

Any factor that increases peripheral vascular resistance, HR or SV raises what?

A

systemic arterial pressure

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7
Q

Any factor that decreases peripheral vascular resistance, HR, or SV lowers what?

A

systemic arterial pressure

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8
Q

What can result when systemic arterial pressure is lowered?

A

reduced tissue perfusion

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9
Q

What are the 4 major control systems in regulating bp?

A

-the arterial baroreceptor system
-regulation of body fluid volume
-the renin-angiotensin- aldosterone system
-vascular auto-regulation

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10
Q

Where are the arterial baroreceptors located?

A

the carotid sinus, aorta, and the left ventricle wall

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11
Q

What do the arterial baroreceptors monitor?

A

arterial pressure and counteract increases in it

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12
Q

The reason baroreceptor control fails in hypertension?

A

is not well understood

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13
Q

What changes impact systemic arterial pressure?

A

fluid volume changes

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14
Q

If the kidneys function properly an increase in systemic arterial pressure leads to what?

A

diuresis or excessive urination and a subsequent decrease in pressure

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15
Q

The kidneys produce what?

A

renin

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16
Q

What does renin transform angiotensinogen into?

A

angiotensin II

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17
Q

Angiotensin II is a potent what?

A

vasoconstrictor

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18
Q

Angiotensin II regulates the release of what?

A

aldosterone

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19
Q

Aldosterone acts on the kidneys to reabsorb what?

A

sodium

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20
Q

Sodium retention in the kidneys prevents what? increases what?

A

fluid loss; blood volume and blood pressure

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21
Q

Normally, when BP is high, renin levels should decrease… however in most individuals with essential hypertension what happens?

A

Renin levels remain normal

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22
Q

What maintains relatively constant tissue perfusion?

A

vascular auto-regulation

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23
Q

Although auto-regulation maintains relatively constant tissue perfusion what role does it play in essential hypertension?

A

causes it, and reasons are unknown how this system operates

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24
Q

What 4 categories is BP classified?

A

normal, elevated/ prehypertension, stage 1 or stage 2

all categories can be essential or primary or secondary

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25
Q

The most common type of hypertension and is not caused by an existing health condition?

A

essential hypertension

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26
Q

Essential hypertension can lead to damage of what?

A

vital organs

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27
Q

Essential hypertension can lead to what conditions?

A

heart attacks, strokes, peripheral vascular diseases or kidney failure

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28
Q

How does secondary hypertension occur?

A

when specific diseases or medications contribute to elevated bp

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29
Q

A severe form of high BP that progresses rapidly and is a medical emergency is what?

A

hypertensive crisis or malignant hypertensive

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30
Q

What are some symptoms of hypertensive crisis/ malignant hypertension?

A

morning headaches, blurred vision, dyspnea, or signs of uremia (late stage kidney disease)

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31
Q

Hypertensive crisis/ malignant hypertension is characterized by a systolic blood pressure above what? and a diastolic blood pressure exceeding what?

A

*systolic blood pressure >200 mm Hg
*diastolic blood pressure > 150 mm Hg

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32
Q

WIthout prompt intervention a hypertensive crisis can lead to what?

A

kidney failure, left ventricular heart failure, or stroke

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33
Q

What can develop when a patient has one or more of these risk factors: family hx of hypertension, African-American ethnicity, hyperlipidemia, smoking, age over 60, postmenopausal status, excessive sodium and caffeine intake, overweight or obesity, physical inactivity, excessive alcohol consumption, low intake of potassium, calcium, or magnesium; and chronic stress

A

essential hypertension

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34
Q

What is a leading cause of secondary hypertension?

A

kidney disease

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35
Q

When does renovascular hypertension occur?

A

when one or more of the main arteries supplying blood to the kidneys narrow.

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36
Q

Many patients can reduce their need for antihypertensive medications after undergoing what?

A

angioplasty with stent placement to dilate the narrowed arteries

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37
Q

Dysfunction of the adrenals can also lead to what due to excess production of aldosterone, cortisol, or catecholamines?

A

secondary hypertension

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38
Q

What medications can cause secondary hypertension?

A

estrogen and steroids

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39
Q

What is likely the most common cause of secondary hypertension in women?

A

estrogen-containing oral contraceptives

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40
Q

What is a global epidemic?

A

hypertension

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41
Q

Up until age 45, a higher percentage of whom have hypertension?

A

Men

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42
Q

Between what ages are the rates of hypertension equal in men and women?

A

45- 64

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43
Q

The percentage of women with hypertension surpasses men after what age?

A

after 64

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44
Q

In the US, the prevalence of hypertension in what race is among the highest in the world and continues to rise?

A

African- Americans

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45
Q

When do African- Americans tend to develop high BP?

A

early in life

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46
Q

What does the fact that African-Americans tend to develop high BP earlier in life significantly increase their risk of?

A

death from strokes, heart disease, and kidney disease

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47
Q

What can lead to significant reductions in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality?

A

controlling hypertension

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48
Q

Evidence-Based Dietary and exercise practices that can help lower BP include:

A

*Achieving weight reduction through lifestyle changes, combining reduced caloric intake with increased physical activity.
*Reducing dietary sodium intake, aiming for an optimal goal of less than 1500 mg daily.
*Following the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension or DASH diet, which emphasizes fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy products and increases the intake of potassium, calcium, magnesium, and fiber.
*Increasing physical activity through aerobic exercise, resistance training, and static isometric exercises.

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49
Q

What are some modifiable risk factors that you can educate your patients on regarding hypertension?

A

smoking cessation and stress management

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50
Q

Most patients with hypertension do not exhibit symptoms, however, some may…. what are they?

A

headaches, facial flushing, dizziness, or fainting

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51
Q

When assessing your patient for orthostatic hypotension… in what position should your patient be in when you take the first reading?

A

supine or sitting

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52
Q

After waiting how long should you take the 2nd BP reading when assessing your patient for orthostatic hypotension? What position should they be in?

A

3 minutes; standing

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53
Q

What is indicated by decreased blood pressure when the patient changes position from lying to sitting to standing?

A

orthostatic hypotension

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54
Q

Although no lab tests can diagnose essential hypertension, several lab tests can assess for possible causes of secondary hypertension such as?

A

protein and RBCs in urine; elevated BUN & serum creatinine levels – kidney disease (the creatinine clearance test indicates the glomerular filtration ability of the kidneys)

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55
Q

The expected outcome of health teaching on hypertension is?

A

that the patient with hypertension understands and articulates their personalized plan of care for managing hypertensioin

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55
Q

The primary collaborative concerns for most patients with hypertension include?

A

*the need for health education related to the hypertension management plan
*the potential for reduced adherence to treatment due to the side effects of medication and the required lifestyle changes

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56
Q

What is the cornerstone of hypertension management?

A

lifestyle modifications

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57
Q

If lifestyle modifications are not effective, what may the primary care provider consider?

A

antihypertensive medications

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58
Q

What should the patient be educated in regards to management of hypertension?

A

*Restrict dietary sodium according to ACC/AHA guidelines.
*Reduce weight if overweight or obese.
*Adopt a heart-healthy diet, such as the DASH diet.
*Increase physical activity through a structured exercise program.
*Limit alcohol consumption to no more than one drink per day for women and two drinks per day for men.
*Quit smoking and avoid tobacco use.
*Practice relaxation techniques to manage stress.

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59
Q

Is there a surgical treatment for essential hypertension?

A

No

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60
Q

Is there a surgical treatment for secondary hypertension?

A

in certain cases- yes

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61
Q

What herb may help lower cholesterol and BP in patients with hypertension?

A

garlic

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62
Q

What does garlic do to patients taking anticoagulants?

A

increases the risk of bleeding and may interfere with the effectiveness of certain medications.

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63
Q

Some patients have found success incorporating what into their hypertension management plan? For whom can these methods also be helpful for?

A

biofeedback, mediation, and acupuncture; those experiencing chronic and severe stress

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64
Q

Drug therapy should be what to each patient?

A

tailored

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65
Q

What should be considered when tailoring drug therapy for each patient?

A

culture, age, coexisting conditions, severity of BP elevation, and cost of medications; and follow-up care

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66
Q

What kind of drug regimen is preferable, especially for older adults?

A

once-a-day

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67
Q

Why is once-a-day drug regimen preferable for older adults?

A

fewer daily doses reduce the risk of non-adherence

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68
Q

Many patients with hypertension require ____ or ________ medications to achieve adequate BP control.

A

2 or more

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69
Q

Another expected outcome is that the patient with hypertension is expected to adhere to what?

A

their plan of care, including necessary lifestyle changes

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70
Q

Patients with essential hypertension prescribed medication often need what?

A

continue treatment for life

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71
Q

Do patients with essential hypertension that are to continue their medication treatment for life, adhere to this care plan?

A

They may discontinue due to the absence of symptoms or bothersome side effects

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72
Q

Interprofessional collaboration with a pharmacist can help patients understand what outcome?

A

their therapy including potential side effects, and tailor the treatment regime to fit their lifestyle and daily schedule

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73
Q

Patients who do not adhere to antihypertensive treatment are at an increased risk for what?

A

target organ damage and hypertensive crisis that can cause organ damage in the kidneys or heart

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74
Q

A gradual reduction in systolic blood pressure is preferred (in a crisis), as rapid lowering can cause what?

A

cerebral ischemia, heart attack, and renal failure

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75
Q

Patients in hypertensive crisis who are admitted to an ICU unit will get what kind of antihypertensive medications until they are stable.. then they will receive what?

A

IV; oral

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76
Q

When caring for patients with hypertensive crisis, assess for symptoms such as?

A

headache, extremely high BP, dizziness, blurred vision, shortness of breath, nosebleeds, or severe anxiety

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77
Q

Nursing care for a patient going through hypertensive crisis-

A

*place the patient in semi-Fowler position
*administer oxygen
*administer an IV beta blocker, nicardipine, or other infusion drug as prescribed; one stable transition to oral antihypertensive medication
* monitor BP every 5 to 15 mins until diastolic pressure is below 90 but not less than 75; then monitor BP every 30 min to ensure it is not lowered too quickly
*watch for neurological or cardiovascular complications, such as seizures; numbness, weakness, or tingling in extremities; dysrhythmias; or chest pain

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78
Q

the expected outcomes for patients with hypertension would be:

A

*clearly articulate their understanding of the care plan, including medication and required lifestyle changes
*promptly report any adverse drug effects, such as coughing, dizziness, or sexual dysfunction, to their primary healthcare provider
*consistently adhere to the care plan, including attending regular follow-up appointments with their primary healthcare provider

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79
Q

Purposes of Diuretics

A

-reduce hypertension (blood pressure)
-decrease edema (in conditions such as heart failure and renal or liver disorders)

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80
Q

types of diuretics

A

*thiazide and thiazide-like
*loop
*osmotic
*potassium-sparing

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81
Q

diuretics increase what?

A

urine production/ diuresis

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82
Q

The body’s extracellular fluid is filtered through the kidneys how often?

A

approx. every 1.5 hrs

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83
Q

How do diuretics lower blood pressure?

A

by promoting sodium and water loss, reducing fluid volume (thus decreasing BP)

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84
Q

Diuretics often lead to a loss of what along with fluid loss?

A

electrolytes (potassium, magnesium, chloride, and bicarbonate)

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85
Q

Diuretics that increase potassium loss are known as what?

A

potassium- wasting diuretics

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86
Q

Diuretics that increase retention of potassium are called what?

A

potassium-sparing diuretics

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87
Q

Thiazide diuretics are used to manage what?

A

hypertension and peripheral edema

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88
Q

Thiazide diuretics are not suitable for what?

A

immediate diuresis, especially in patients with severe renal impairment

Best suited for patients with normal renal function.

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89
Q

Thiazides can impact what potentially leading to hyperglycemia?

A

glucose tolerance

90
Q

Thiazides should be used with extreme caution in what type of patient? What should be monitored regularly?

A

patients with diabetes mellitus; lab tests results- such as electrolytes and glucose levels

91
Q

What thiazide diuretic is often combined with various medications such as ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, alpha-blockers, angiotensin II receptor blockers, and centrally acting sympatholytics, to control hypertension?

A

Hydrochlorothiazide

92
Q

Thiazides induce what which helps lower blood pressure?

A

vasodilation

93
Q

Thiazides reduce what?

A

fluid volume, cardiac output, and BP

94
Q

Side effects and adverse reactions of thiazide diuretics include?

A

*electrolyte imbalances (such as hypokalemia, hypercalcemia, and hypomagnesemia)
*Also causes hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia, and hyperlipidemia.
*Monitor serum potassium levels closely and potassium supplements are often nec.
*serum calcium and uric acid levels should be monitored
* affects carbohydrate metabolism leading to hyperglycemia
*may increase lipid levels
*dizziness, headaches, nausea, vomiting, and constipation

95
Q

When are thiazides contraindicated?

A

in renal failure

96
Q

Thiazides can increase the risk for what toxicity?

A

digitalis toxicity

97
Q

symptoms of digitalis toxicity

A

bradycardia, nausea, vomiting, and visual disturbances

98
Q

Thiazides enhance the effects of what medication?

A

Lithium, potentially leading to lithium toxicity

99
Q

Thiazides amplify the effects of what type of drugs? Can this be beneficial in treating hypertension?

A

other antihypertensives: yes

100
Q

What should you monitor in patients who take thiazides?

A

vital signs, weight, urine output, and serum chemistry values (electrolytes, glucose, and uric acid)

101
Q

What should you examine for patients taking Thiazides for edema?

A

peripheral extremities (noting pitting edema)

102
Q

Potential problems you should assess for in patients who are taking Thiazides?

A

impaired elimination, fluid overload, disrupted fluid and electrolyte balance, hypokalemia, and hypernatremia

103
Q

What are the goals in patients taking Thiazides?

A

reduce the patient’s BP to normal levels, reduce the patient’s edema, and ensure the patient’s serum chemistry levels remain within normal ranges

104
Q

Why should you monitor the patient’s daily weight (every day- same time and in the same type of clothing)?

A

a weight increase of 2.2 lbs corresponds to an accumulation of 1 liter of body fluid

105
Q

Track urine output to assess for what?

A

fluid loss or retention

106
Q

Recommend taking Thiazides at what time of day and why?

A

early in the mornings to prevent disruptions in sleep due to nocturia

107
Q

Why should you advise patients taking Thiazides to change positions slowly from lying down to standing?

A

to avoid dizziness from orthostatic hypotension

108
Q

Why should you recommend blood glucose monitoring to patients taking Hydrochlorothiazide?

A

they may be pre-diabetic and high doses of this med can increase blood glucose levels

109
Q

Why should you recommend a patient wear sunscreen while taking Thiazides?

A

photosensitivity

110
Q

Why should you encourage consumption of potassium-containing foods &/ or supplements to patients taking Thazides?

A

hypokalemia

111
Q

Why should you instruct patients to take Thiazide meds with food?

A

to reduce the risk of gastrointestinal upset

112
Q

Loop diuretics are highly potent and significantly deplete what?

A

water and electrolytes

113
Q

What are loop diuretics effective for?

A

fluid removal

114
Q

example of loop diuretics

A

Furosemide
Bumetanide

115
Q

Loop diuretics should not be used if what can manage fluid excess?

A

Thiazides

116
Q

If furosemide alone does not sufficiently remove body fluid what should be added?

A

a thiazide

117
Q

Furosemide is typically taken how?

A

orally in the morning or intravenously when rapid fluid removal is needed (such as in acute heart failure or pulmonary edema)

118
Q

Loop Diuretics enhance renal blood flow by what percentage?

A

40%

119
Q

Furosemide is often prescribed for patients with what disease?

A

end-stage renal disease

120
Q

Loop diuretics increase excretion of what?

A

calcium

121
Q

Which Loop Diuretics are both sulfonamide derivatives?

A

Furosemide and Bumetanide

122
Q

Loop Diuretics typically start to work within how much time?

A

30 to 60 minutes

123
Q

Intravenous furosemide begins acting with what?

A

5 minutes

124
Q

Common side effects of Loop Diuretics

A

*fluid and electrolyte imbalances (such as hypokalemia, hyponatremia, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, and hypochloremia)
*orthostatic hypotension

125
Q

A major drug interaction with Loop Diuretics is with what?

A

digitalis preparations (can lead to digitalis toxicity)

126
Q

Interactions with Loop Diuretics

A

alcohol, aminoglycosides, anticoagulants, corticosteroids, lithium, amphotericin B, or digitalis

127
Q

What should be monitored with patients taking Loop Diuretics

A

*vital signs
*serum electrolytes
*weight
*urine output (to establish baseline)

128
Q

Determine if patients taking Loop Diuretics are sensitive to _________________

A

sulfonamides

129
Q

Priority problems that should be monitored for in patients taking Loop Diuretics

A

fluid overload, hypernatremia, hypokalemia, and disrupted fluid and electrolyte balance

130
Q

Possible goals for patients taking Loop Diuretics

A
  • reduced edema
    *reduced blood pressure
    *serum chemistry levels will stay within normal ranges
131
Q

IV furosemide should be administered slowly to avoid what?

A

potential hearing loss

132
Q

Signs of hypokalemia

A

muscle weakness, abdominal distention. leg cramps, and cardiac dysrhythmias

133
Q

When should patients be educated to take Furosemide a loop diuretic?

A

in the morning to avoid sleep disturbances because of nocturia

134
Q

recommend taking furosemide with food to avoid what?

A

risk of nausea

135
Q

advise patients to rise slowly from lying or sitting position to standing to reduce the risk of what?

A

dizziness caused by fluid loss, orthostatic hypotension

136
Q

Example of an Osmotic Diuretics

A

Mannitol

137
Q

This class of medication is used to lower intracranial pressure, such as in cases of cerebral edema, reduce intraocular pressure, as seen in glaucoma, and promote the elimination of toxic substances

A

Osmotic Diuretics

138
Q

A potent osmotic and potassium-wasting diuretic that is commonly used in emergencies involving ICP and IOP

A

Mannitol (osmotic diuretic)

139
Q

Used alongside Cisplatin and Carboplatin in cancer chemotherapy to induce significant diuresis and mitigate treatment side effects

A

Mannitol

140
Q

What is the most frequently prescribed osmotic diuretic?

A

Mannitol

141
Q

Side effects and adverse reactions of Mannitol

A

fluid and electrolyte imbalances; pulmonary edema due to the rapid shift of fluids

142
Q

Examples of potassium-sparing diuretics

A

Spironolactone; Amiloride

143
Q

Potassium-sparing diuretics are often used as mild diuretics or in combo with other diuretics like ___________?

A

Hydrochlorothiazide or antihypertensive medications

144
Q

Commonly prescribed potassium-sparing diuretics include which meds?

A

spironolactone, amiloride, triamterene, and eplerenone.

145
Q

Potassium-sparing diuretics should not be taken with what class of meds because of a risk for what?

A

ACE inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBS) due to risk of increased serum potassium levels

146
Q

When used alone, potassium-sparing diuretics are less effective at reducing body fluid and sodium compared to when they are combined with potassium-wasting diuretics. What are possible combinations?

A

Such combinations, like spironolactone with hydrochlorothiazide, amiloride with hydrochlorothiazide, or triamterene with hydrochlorothiazide, enhance diuretic effects and prevent potassium loss.

147
Q

The primary side effect of potassium-sparing diuretics is hyperkalemia, but what are some other side effects?

A

headaches, dizziness, weakness, gastrointestinal disturbances, hyperuricemia, muscle cramps, and numbness and tingling of the hands and feet

148
Q

Potassium-sparing diuretics should be used cautiously in what type of patients?

A

patients with impaired renal function

149
Q

Why should a patient avoid direct sunlight while taking Spironolactone?

A

photosensitivity

150
Q

side effects of potassium-sparing diuretics

A

hyperkalemia, rash, dizziness, weakness, or gastrointestinal upset

151
Q

Sympatholytics

A

*Beta- adrenergic blockers
*centrally acting alpha2 agonist
*alpha-adrenergic blockers
*adrenergic neuron blockers
*alpha1- and beta1-adrenergic blockers

152
Q

Beta-blockers reduce and lower what by decreasing heart rate, contractility, and renin release

A

reduce vascular resistance, lower BP

153
Q

Beta-Blockers alone are ineffective in which ethnicity?

A

African-Americans

154
Q

What effectively manages hypotension in this population?

A

beta-blockers combined with diuretics

155
Q

Examples of Beta-Adrenergic Blockers (aka: Beta Blockers)

A

*Nonselective-
Propranolol
Carvedilol
*Cardio-selective
Acebutolol
Atenolol
Metoprolol

156
Q

Nonselective Beta-Blockers such as Propranolol and Carvedilol may cause what?

A

*slower heart rate
*reduce blood pressure
*and potential bronchoconstriction

157
Q

Why are Cardio-selective Beta-Blockers such as Acebutolol, Atenolol, and Metoprolol preferred?

A

they are less likely to cause bronchoconstriction

158
Q

Beta- Blockers should be used cautiously in which patients?

A

with existing bronchospasms or pulmonary conditions even cardio-selective ones

159
Q

Patients with 2nd or 3rd degree AV block or sinus bradycardia should avoid what?

A

Beta-Blockers

160
Q

COPD should not take which Beta-Blocker?

A

nonCardio-selective Beta-Blockers- Propranolol

161
Q

Common side effects and adverse reactions of Beta-Adrenergic Blockers (cardio-selective beta blockers)

A

bradycardia, hypotension, bronchospasm

162
Q

Abrupt discontinuation of beta blockers can lead to what?

A

rebound hypertension, angina, dysrhythmias, and heart attack

163
Q

additional side effects of beta-blockers

A

dizziness, insomnia, depression, fatigue, nightmares, and erectile dysfunction

164
Q

Noncardioselective Beta-Blockers can impair the liver’s ability to what?

A

convert glycogen to glucose, which is particularly concerning for patients with diabetes mellitus

165
Q

examples of centrally acting alpha2 agonists

A

Methyldopa
Clonidine
Guanfacine

166
Q

How do Centrally Acting Alpha2 Agonists work?

A

By reducing the sympathetic signals to the peripheral blood vessels which leads to decreased peripheral vascular resistance and increased vasodilation

167
Q

Why shouldn’t Centrally Acting Alpha2 Agonists should be used in combo with beta-blockers?

A

due to the risk of exacerbating bradycardia, and causing rebound hypertension if therapy is discontinued abruptly

168
Q

Common side effects of centrally acting alpha2 agonists

A

drowsiness, dry mouth, dizziness, and bradycardia

169
Q

Methyldopa should be avoided in patients with what impairment?

A

Liver impairment and liver enzyme levels should be monitored regularly for all patients on this medication

170
Q

Centrally acting alpha2 agonists may cause retention of what?

A

sodium and water potentially leading to peripheral edema

171
Q

Examples of Alpha-Adrenergic Blockers

A

Terazosin
Doxazosin
Prazosin

172
Q

Alpha-Adrenergic Blockers cause what?

A

vasodilation and a reduction in BP

173
Q

example of a thiazide/ thiazide-like diuretic

A

Hydrochlorothiazide

174
Q

Uses for Thiazide/ Thiazide-Like Diuretics

A

Hypertension; Peripheral Edema

175
Q

NOTED Side Effects of Thiazide/ Thiazide-Like Diuretics

A

Electrolyte Imbalances

176
Q

Contraindications for Thiazide/ Thiazide-Like Diuretics

A

Renal Failure

177
Q

Drugs that Interact with Thiazides/ Thiazide-Like Diuretics

A

Digitalis; Lithium; Hypertensive drugs

178
Q

Examples of Loop Diuretics

A

Furosemide; Bumetanide

179
Q

Uses of Loop Diuretics

A

Fluid Removal

180
Q

NOTED Side Effects of Loop Diuretics

A

Fluid and electrolyte imbalances; orthostatic hypotension

181
Q

Drugs that interact with Loop Diuretics

A

Digitalis

182
Q

Uses for Osmotic Diuretics

A

Reduction of intracranial pressure; Reduction of intraocular pressure

183
Q

NOTED Side Effects of Osmotic Diuretics

A

Fluid and Electrolyte imbalances; Pulmonary Edema

184
Q

Uses of Potassium- Sparing Diuretics

A

Hypertension

185
Q

NOTED Side Effects of Potassium- Sparing Diuretics

A

Hyperkalemia

186
Q

Contraindications for Potassium- Sparing Diuretics

A

Renal Failure

187
Q

Drugs that interact with Potassium- Sparing Diuretics

A

ACE inhibitors; ARBS

188
Q

Examples of NonSelective BETA- Adrenergic Blockers (Beta Blockers)

A

Propranolol; Carvedilol

189
Q

Example of CardioSelective BETA- Adrenergic Blockers

A

Acebutolol; Atenolol; Metoprolol

190
Q

NOTED Side Effects of BETA- Adrenergic Blockers

A

Bradycardia; Hypotension

191
Q

Contraindications for BETA- Adrenergic Blockers

A

Heart block; COPD

192
Q

NOTED Side Effects of Centrally Acting Alpha2 Agonists

A

Drowsiness; Dry mouth; Bradycardia

193
Q

Contraindications for Centrally Acting Alpha2 Agonists

A

Liver Disease

194
Q

Drugs that interact with Centrally Acting Alpha2 Agonists

A

Beta-Blockers

195
Q

Uses for Alpha- Adrenergic Blockers

A

Hypertension with Hyperlipidemia; BPH

196
Q

NOTED Side Effects of Alpha- Adrenergic Blockers

A

Orthostatic Hypotension; Nasal congestion

197
Q

Drugs that interact with Alpha- Adrenergic Blockers

A

Anti-inflammatory drugs; Nitrates

198
Q

Example of Alpha1- and Beta1 Adrenergic Blockers

A

Labetalol

199
Q

NOTED Side Effects of Alpha1 & Beta1 Adrenergic Blockers

A

Orthostatic hypotension; dry mouth; GI disturbances

200
Q

Contraindications for Alpha1 & Beta1 Adrenergic Blockers

A

Asthma

201
Q

Examples of Direct- Acting Arteriolar Vasodilators

A

Hydralazine; Minoxidil; Nitroprusside

202
Q

NOTED Side Effects of Direct- Acting Arteriolar Vasodilators

A

Edema; Reflex tachycardia

203
Q

Examples of Angiotensin- Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors

A

Benazepril; Captopril; Enalapril; Lisinopril

204
Q

Use for ACE Inhibitors

A

Hypertension; Heart Failure

205
Q

NOTED Side Effects of ACE Inhibitors

A

DRY COUGH; Angioedema; Hyperkalemia

206
Q

Contraindications for ACE Inhibitors

A

Pregnancy

207
Q

Drugs that interact with ACE Inhibitors

A

Potassium- Sparing Diuretics

208
Q

Example of Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs)

A

Losartan; Valsartan

209
Q

Contraindications for ARBS

A

Pregnancy

210
Q

Examples of Calcium Channel Blockers

A

Verapamil; Nifedipine; Amlodipine

211
Q

Uses for Calcium Channel Blockers

A

Hypertension; Angina; Dysrhythmias

212
Q

NOTED Side Effects for Calcium Channel Blockers

A

Reflex tachycardia; Edema; Flushing

213
Q

Examples of Sympatholytics

A

Beta- Adrenergic Blockers; Centrally-Acting Alpha2 Agonists; Alpha- Adrenergic Blockers; Adrenergic Neuron Blockers; Alpha1 & Beta1 Adrenergic Blockers

214
Q
  • olol
A

Beta Blockers

215
Q

Which med class is cautioned for Asthmatics?

A

Beta Blockers

216
Q

-pril

A

ACE inhibitors

217
Q

-pril

A

ACE inhibitors

218
Q

-sartan

A

ARBS (ANGIOTENSIN II RECEPTOR BLOCKERS)

219
Q

DASH DIET

A

Following the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension or DASH diet, which emphasizes fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy products and increases the intake of potassium, calcium, magnesium, and fiber

220
Q

DASH DIET

A

Following the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension or DASH diet, which emphasizes fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy products and increases the intake of potassium, calcium, magnesium, and fiber

221
Q

Recommended daily sodium intake for patients with hypertension

A

Reducing dietary sodium intake, aiming for an optimal goal of less than 1500 mg daily.

222
Q

Possible Erectile Dysfunction is a side effect of which classes of hypertensive medications?

A

Thiazide Diuretics & Beta Blockers

223
Q

-zosin

A

Alpha-Adrenergic Blockers

MED SURG 2 (13 decks)

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