3rd Semester Terms Flashcards
The pressure or resistance that the ventricles must overcome to eject blood through the semilunar valves & into the peripheral blood vessels.
Afterload
The pulse located at the left fifth intercostal space in the midclavicular line (in the mitral area).
apical impulse or point of maximal impulse (PMI)
Sensory receptors in the arch of the aorta & at the origin of the internal carotid arteries that are stimulated when the arterial walls are stretched by an increased blood pressure.
Baroreceptors
The force of blood exerted against the vessel walls.
Blood Pressure (BP)
Swishing sound that may occur from turbulent blood flow in narrowed or atherosclerotic arteries; heard via auscultation or Doppler.
Bruit
The most definitive but most invasive test in the diagnosis of heart disease, involves passing a small catheter into the heart and injecting contrast medium.
cardiac catheterization
A calculation of cardiac output requirements to account for differences in body size; determined by dividing the cardiac output by the body surface area.
Cardiac index
The volume of blood ejected by the heart each minute.
Cardiac output (CO)
Serum lipid that includes high-density lipoproteins & low-density lipoproteins.
Cholesterol
The phase of the cardiac cycle that consists of relaxation & filling of the atria & ventricles, normally about 2/3 of the cardiac cycle.
Diastole
The amount of pressure or force against the arterial walls during the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle.
Diastolic blood pressure
The use of ultrasound waves to assess cardiac structure & mobility, particularly of the valves.
Echocardiography
An invasive procedure during which programmed electrical stimulation of the heart is used to cause & evaluate dysthymias & conduction abnormalities to permit accurate diagnosis & treatment.
Electrophysiologic study (EPS)
A test that assesses cardiovascular response to an increased workload
exercise electrocardiography (stress test)
Term referring to the number of times the ventricles contract each minute.
Heart rate (HR)
Part of the total cholesterol value that should be more than 45 mm/ dL (>0.75 mmol/ L) for men & more than 55 mm/ dL (>0.91 mmol/ L) for women
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL)
good cholesterol
A serum marker of inflammation & a common & critical component of the development of atherosclerosis.
High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP)
A amino acid that is produced when proteins break down; elevated values may be a risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease.
Homocysteine
Part of the total cholesterol value that should be less than 130 mg/ dL
low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
Low-Density Lipoproteins
Bad cholesterol
The arterial blood pressure necessary (between 60 & 70 mm Hg) to maintain perfusion of major body organs, such as the kidneys & the brain.
Mean aerial pressure (MAP)
Abnormal heart sound that reflects turbulent blood flow through normal or abnormal valves.
Murmur
The use of radionuclide techniques in cardiovascular assessment.
myocardial nuclear perfusion imaging (MNPI)
A decrease in blood pressure that occurs the first few seconds to minutes after changing from a sitting or lying position to a standing position.
orthostatic hypotension
orthostatic hypotension
postural hypotension
The number of packs of cigarettes per day multiplied by the number of years the patient has smoked; used to record a patient’s smoking history.
Pack-years
A feeling of fluttering in the chest, an unpleasant awareness of the heartbeat, or an irregular heartbeat.
Palpitations
An exaggerated decrease in systolic pressure by more than 10 mm Hg during the inspiratory phase of the respiratory cycle.
Paradoxical blood pressure
Paradoxical blood pressure
Paradoxical pulse
An abnormal sound that originates from the pericardial sac & occurs with the movements of the heart during the cardiac cycle.
Pericardial friction rub
Paradoxical blood pressure
Pulses paradoxus
The degree of myocardial fiber stretch at the end of diastole & just before contraction.
Preload
The difference between the systolic & diastolic pressures.
Pulse pressure
The amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle during each contraction.
Stroke volume (SV)
The phase of the cardiac cycle that consists of the contraction & emptying of the atria & ventricles.
Systole
The amount of pressure or force generated by the left ventricle to distribute blood into the aorta with each contraction of the heart.
Systolic blood pressure
A form of echocardiography performed through the esophagus that examines cardiac structure & function.
transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)
Serum lipid profile that includes the measurement of cholesterol & lipoproteins.
Triglycerides
A myocardial muscle protein released into the bloodstream with injury go through myocardial muscle.
Troponin
The sudden blockage of an artery, typically in the lower extremity, in the patient with chronic peripheral arterial disease.
acute arterial occlusion
a permanent localized dilation of an artery that enlarges the artery to at least 2x its normal diameter.
aneurysm
a surgical procedure performed to excise an aneurysm.
aneurysmectomy
Measurement of arterial insufficiency based on the ratio of ankle systolic pressure to brachial systolic pressure.
Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI)
The surgical procedure most commonly used to increase arterial blood flow in the affected limb of a patient with peripheral arterial disease.
arterial revascularization
Painful ulcers caused by diminished blood flow through an artery that develop on the toes (often the great toe), between the toes, or on the upper aspect of the foot.
arterial ulcers
the thickening and hardening of the arterial wall, often associated with aging.
arteriosclerosis
A surgical opening into an artery
arteriotomy
An invasive nonsurgical technique in which a high-speed, rotating metal burr uses fine abrasive bits to scrape plaque from inside an artery while minimizing damage to the vessel surface.
atherectomy
a type of arteriosclerosis that involves the formation of plaque within the arterial wall; the leading contributor to coronary artery & cerebrovascular disease.
Atherosclerosis
Belonging to the person; for example, when a person’s vein is moved from one part of the body to another.
autogenous
A complex, multi-step process by which blood forms a protein-based structure (clot) in an appropriate area of tissue injury to prevent excessive bleeding while maintaining whole-body blood flow (perfusion).
clotting
that provides blood to an area with altered tissue perfusion through smaller vessels that develop and compensate for the occluded vessels.
collateral circulation
a blood clot that forms in one or more of the deep veins in the body, usually the legs
deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
a blood clot or other object (e.g., air bubble, fatty deposit) that is carried in the bloodstream & lodges in another area.
embolus
The repair of an abdominal aortic aneurysms using a stent made of flexible material.
endovascular stent grafts
The most common type of hypertension that is not caused by an existing health problem. Also called primary hypertension.
essential hypertension
A potentially devastating immune-mediated adverse drug reaction caused by the emergence of antibodies that activate platelets in the presence of heparin.
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)
an elevation of serum lipid levels in the blood
hyperlipidemia
A severe elevation in blood pressure (greater than 180/120), which can cause damage to organs such as the kidneys or heart. Also called malignant hypertension.
hypertensive crisis
A type of vascular filter inserted by a surgeon percutaneously into the inferior vena cava; indicated for deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE) when anticoagulation therapy is contraindicated.
inferior vena cava filtration
Obstructions in the distal end of the aorta and the common, internal, and external iliac arteries that results in pain or discomfort in the lower back, buttocks, or thighs.
inflow disease
A characteristic leg pain experienced by patients with chronic peripheral arterial disease. Typically, patients can walk only a certain distance before a cramping muscle pain forces them to stop. As the disease progresses, the patient can walk only shorter and shorter distances before pain recurs. Ultimately, pain may occur even at rest.
intermittent claudication
fat, including cholesterol & triglycerides, that can be measured in the blood
lipid
a decrease in blood pressure (20 mmHg systolic &/ or 10 mmHg diastolic) that occurs when the patient changes position from lying or sitting to standing.
orthostatic hypotension
Obstructions in the femoral, popliteal, and tibial arteries and below the superficial femoral artery (SFA) that cause burning or cramping in the calves, ankles, feet, and toes.
outflow disease
a nonsurgical procedure used to treat blood vessels that are narrowed or closed because of vascular disease
percutaneous vascular intervention
disorders that change the natural flow of blood through the arteries and veins of the peripheral circulation, causing decreased perfusion to body tissues
peripheral vascular disease (PVD)
Inflammation of a vein, which can predispose patients to thrombosis.
phlebitis
a thrombus in the vein without inflammation
Phlebothrombosis
dusky red (reddish- blue) discoloration of the skin
rubor
Elevated blood pressure that is related to a specific disease (e.g., kidney disease) or medication.
secondary hypertension
In patients with venous insufficiency, discoloration of the skin along the ankles; may extend up to the calf.
stasis dermatitis
Associated with long-term venous insufficiency; ulcer formed as a result of edema or minor injury to the limb; typically occurs over the malleolus.
stasis ulcers
vascular lesions with a red center & radiating branches commonly referred to as spider veins or spider angiomas.
telangiectasia
a surgical procedure used to remove deep thrombosis, or blood clots that have formed in the deep veins
thrombectomy
a thrombus that is associated with inflammation
thrombophlebitis
a blood clot believed to result from an endothelial injury, venous stasis,, or hyper-coagulability.
thrombus
A wound dressing constructed of gauze moistened with zinc oxide; used to promote venous return in the ambulatory patient with a stasis ulcer and form a sterile environment for the ulcer.
unna boot
distended, protruding veins that appear darkened and tortuous
varicose veins
Alteration of venous efficiency by thrombosis or defective valves; caused by prolonged venous hypertension, which stretches the veins and damages the valves, resulting in further venous hypertension, edema, and, eventually, venous stasis ulcers, swelling, and cellulitis.
venous insufficiency
A term that refers to both deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE); obstruction by a thrombus.
Venous Thromboembolism (VTE)
describes the 3 factors that contribute to thrombosis-stasis of blood flow, endothelial injury, & and hyper-coagulability.
Virchow’s triad
a chronic disease in which acute reversible airway obstruction occurs intermittently, reducing airflow
asthma
a collection of lower airway disorders that interfere with airflow and gas exchange
COPD
Right-sided heart failure caused by pulmonary disease occurring with bronchitis & emphysema
COR PULMONALE
Asthma drugs used daily to reduce airway sensitivity (responsiveness) to prevent asthma attacks from occurring and to maintain gas exchange
control therapy drugs
an inflammation of the bronchi & bronchioles caused by exposure to irritants, especially cigarette smoke
chronic bronchitis
an autosomal recessive genetic disease that affecrs many organs with most impairment occurring to pancreatic and/ or lung function
cystic fibrosis
perceived shortness of breath
dyspnea
a destructive problem of lung elastic tissue that reduces its ability to recoil after stretching, leading to hyperinflation of the lung
emphysema
higher than normal blood carbon dioxide levels; also known as hypercarbia
hypercapnia
low blood oxygen levels
hypoxemia
removal of a lobe of the lung
lobectomy
breathlessness that is worse in a supine postion
orthopnea
surgical removal of an entire lung
pneumonectomy
a condition in which pulmonary vessels & often other lung tissues undergo growth changes that greatly increase pressure in the lung circulatory system for unknown reasons (also known as idiopathic pulmonary artery hypertension)
pulmonary artery hypertension
asthma drugs used to actually stop an asthma attack once it has started. Also known as rescue drugs.
reliever drugs
acute pericarditis
an inflammation or alteration of the pericardium, the membraneous sac that encloses the heart; may be fibrous, serous, hemorrhagic, purulent, or neoplastic
aortic regurgitation
the flow of blood from the aorta back into the left ventricle during diastole; occurs when the valve leaflets do not close properly during diastole & annulus (the valve ring that attaches to the leaflets) is dilated or deformed
aortic stenosis
narrowing of the aortic valve orifice and obstruction of left ventricular outflow during systole
B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)
a peptide produced and released by the ventricles when the patient has fluid overload as a result of heart failure
cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT)
in patients with some types of heart failure. the use of a permanent pacemaker alone or in combination with an implantable cardioverterdebrillation (ICD) to provide biventricular pacing
cardiac tamponade
compression of the myocardium by fluid that has accumulated around the heart; this compresses the atria and the ventricles, prevents them from filling adequately, and reduces cardiac output
cardiomegaly
enlargement of the heart
cardiomyopathy
a subacute or chronic disease of cardiac muscle; classified into four categories based on abnormalities in structure and function: dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive, and arrhthmogenic
diastolic heart failure
heart failure that occurs whe nthe left ventricle is unable to relax adequately during diastole, which prevents the ventricle from filling with enough blood to ensure adequate cardiac output
dilated cardiomyopathy
inability of the heart to pump effectively due to enlargement (dilation) and weakening of the ventricles
ejection fraction
percentage of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each contraction
exertional dyspnea
breathlessness of difficulty breathing that develops during activity or exertion
heart failure
a general term for the inadequacy of the heart to pump throughout the body, causing insufficient perfusion of body tissues with vital nutrients and oxygen
hemodynamic monitoring
continuous monitoring of the movement of blood and pressures within the veins, arteries, and chambers of the heart; invasive hemodynamic monitoring is the use of a specialized catheter inserted into the heart to continuously monitor pulmonary pressures, central venous pressure, and left atrial pressure
high output heart failure
failure of the heart due to high peripheral demand with a cardiac output that is higher than normal
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
inability of the heart to pump blood effectively due to thickening (hypertrophy) of the heart muscle
infective endocarditis
a microbial infection (e.g., viruses, bacteria, fungi) involving the endocardium
mitral regurgitation
inability of the mitral valve to close completely during systole, which allows the backflow of blood into the left atrium when the ventricle contracts
mitral stenosis
thickening of the mitral valve due to fibrosis and calcification. The valve leaflets fuse and become stiff, and the valve opening narrows, which prevents normal blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle
mitral valve prolapse
dysfunction of the mitral valve that occurs because the valvular leaflets enlarge and prolapse into the left atrium during systole
myocardial hypertrophy
enlargement of the cardiac muscle
orthopnea
shortness of breath that occurs when lying down but is relieved by sitting up
paradoxical pulse
an exaggerated decrease in systolic blood pressure by more than 10 mm Hg during the inspiratory phase of the respiratory cycle (normal is 3 to 10 mm Hg); indicative of cardiac tamponade, constrictive pericarditis, and pulmonary hypertension; also referred to as pulsus paradoxus
paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
in the patient with heart disease, shortness of breath that develops after lying down for several hours and causes the patient to awaken abruptly with a feeling of suffocation and panic
pericardial effusion
accumulation of fluid in the pericardial space
pericardiocentesis
withdrawal of pericardial fluid through a catheter inserted into the pericardial space to relieve the pressure on the heart
petechiae
pinpoint, red or purple spots on the mucous membrances, palate, conjunctivae, or skin caused by bleeding within the dermal or submucosal layer
restrictive cardiomyopathy
inability of the heart to pump effectively due to restrictive filling of the ventricles
pulsus alternans
a type of pulse in which a weak pulse alternates with a strong pulse despite a regular heart rhythm; seen in patients with severely depressed cardiac function
right-sided heart (ventricular) failure
the inability of the right ventricle to empty completely, resulting in increased volume and pressure in the systemic veins and systemic venous congestion with peripheral edema
S3 gallop
the third heart sound; an early diastolic filling sound that indicates an increase in the left ventricular pressure and may be heard on auscultation in patients with heart failure
splinter hemorrhage
black, longitudinal line or small red streak on the distal third of the nail bed; seen in patients with infective endocarditits
systolic heart failure
heart failure that results when the heart is unable to contract forcefully enough during systole to eject adequate amounts of blood into circulation
ventricular assist device (VAD)
mechanical pump that is surgically inserted with external power source that supports the function of the ventricles and heart
anergy
failure to have a skin response to TB skin testing because of reduced immunity even when infection is present
consolidation
an abnormal solidification with lack of air spaces in a segment of area of the lung
COVID-19
a new coronavirus mutation (CO= corona; VI= virus; D= disease; 19= 2019, the year the new virus was identified) that enabled this animal virus to infect humans and is responsible for the 2020 influenza pandemic
empyema
a collection of pus in the pleural cavity
endemic infection
respiratory infection caused by organisms that are much more common within a geographic location but the actual incidence of the infection is relatively low
gas exchange
oxygen transport to the cells and carbon dioxide transport away from the cells through ventilation and diffusion
immunity
maintained by the body’s physiologic defense mechanisms
induration
localized swelling with hardness of soft tissue
infection
invasion of pathogens into the body that multiply and cause disease or illness
inflammation
a syndrome of normal tissue responses to cellular injury, allergy, or the invasion of pathogens
military (hematogenous) TB
spread of TB throughout the body when a large number of organisms enter the blood
pandemic infection
an infection with an organism to which most humans have no immunity and that has the potential to spread globally
tuberculosis (TB)
a highly communicable disease caused by infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis
