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MED SURG 2 > 3rd Semester Terms > Flashcards

3rd Semester Terms Flashcards

1
Q

The pressure or resistance that the ventricles must overcome to eject blood through the semilunar valves & into the peripheral blood vessels.

A

Afterload

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2
Q

The pulse located at the left fifth intercostal space in the midclavicular line (in the mitral area).

A

apical impulse or point of maximal impulse (PMI)

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3
Q

Sensory receptors in the arch of the aorta & at the origin of the internal carotid arteries that are stimulated when the arterial walls are stretched by an increased blood pressure.

A

Baroreceptors

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4
Q

The force of blood exerted against the vessel walls.

A

Blood Pressure (BP)

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5
Q

Swishing sound that may occur from turbulent blood flow in narrowed or atherosclerotic arteries; heard via auscultation or Doppler.

A

Bruit

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6
Q

The most definitive but most invasive test in the diagnosis of heart disease, involves passing a small catheter into the heart and injecting contrast medium.

A

cardiac catheterization

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7
Q

A calculation of cardiac output requirements to account for differences in body size; determined by dividing the cardiac output by the body surface area.

A

Cardiac index

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8
Q

The volume of blood ejected by the heart each minute.

A

Cardiac output (CO)

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9
Q

Serum lipid that includes high-density lipoproteins & low-density lipoproteins.

A

Cholesterol

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10
Q

The phase of the cardiac cycle that consists of relaxation & filling of the atria & ventricles, normally about 2/3 of the cardiac cycle.

A

Diastole

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11
Q

The amount of pressure or force against the arterial walls during the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle.

A

Diastolic blood pressure

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12
Q

The use of ultrasound waves to assess cardiac structure & mobility, particularly of the valves.

A

Echocardiography

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13
Q

An invasive procedure during which programmed electrical stimulation of the heart is used to cause & evaluate dysthymias & conduction abnormalities to permit accurate diagnosis & treatment.

A

Electrophysiologic study (EPS)

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14
Q

A test that assesses cardiovascular response to an increased workload

A

exercise electrocardiography (stress test)

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15
Q

Term referring to the number of times the ventricles contract each minute.

A

Heart rate (HR)

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16
Q

Part of the total cholesterol value that should be more than 45 mm/ dL (>0.75 mmol/ L) for men & more than 55 mm/ dL (>0.91 mmol/ L) for women

A

High-density lipoprotein (HDL)

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17
Q

High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL)

A

good cholesterol

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18
Q

A serum marker of inflammation & a common & critical component of the development of atherosclerosis.

A

High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP)

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19
Q

A amino acid that is produced when proteins break down; elevated values may be a risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease.

A

Homocysteine

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20
Q

Part of the total cholesterol value that should be less than 130 mg/ dL

A

low-density lipoprotein (LDL)

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21
Q

Low-Density Lipoproteins

A

Bad cholesterol

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22
Q

The arterial blood pressure necessary (between 60 & 70 mm Hg) to maintain perfusion of major body organs, such as the kidneys & the brain.

A

Mean aerial pressure (MAP)

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23
Q

Abnormal heart sound that reflects turbulent blood flow through normal or abnormal valves.

A

Murmur

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24
Q

The use of radionuclide techniques in cardiovascular assessment.

A

myocardial nuclear perfusion imaging (MNPI)

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25
Q

A decrease in blood pressure that occurs the first few seconds to minutes after changing from a sitting or lying position to a standing position.

A

orthostatic hypotension

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26
Q

orthostatic hypotension

A

postural hypotension

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27
Q

The number of packs of cigarettes per day multiplied by the number of years the patient has smoked; used to record a patient’s smoking history.

A

Pack-years

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28
Q

A feeling of fluttering in the chest, an unpleasant awareness of the heartbeat, or an irregular heartbeat.

A

Palpitations

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29
Q

An exaggerated decrease in systolic pressure by more than 10 mm Hg during the inspiratory phase of the respiratory cycle.

A

Paradoxical blood pressure

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30
Q

Paradoxical blood pressure

A

Paradoxical pulse

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31
Q

An abnormal sound that originates from the pericardial sac & occurs with the movements of the heart during the cardiac cycle.

A

Pericardial friction rub

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32
Q

Paradoxical blood pressure

A

Pulses paradoxus

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33
Q

The degree of myocardial fiber stretch at the end of diastole & just before contraction.

A

Preload

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34
Q

The difference between the systolic & diastolic pressures.

A

Pulse pressure

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35
Q

The amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle during each contraction.

A

Stroke volume (SV)

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36
Q

The phase of the cardiac cycle that consists of the contraction & emptying of the atria & ventricles.

A

Systole

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37
Q

The amount of pressure or force generated by the left ventricle to distribute blood into the aorta with each contraction of the heart.

A

Systolic blood pressure

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38
Q

A form of echocardiography performed through the esophagus that examines cardiac structure & function.

A

transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)

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39
Q

Serum lipid profile that includes the measurement of cholesterol & lipoproteins.

A

Triglycerides

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40
Q

A myocardial muscle protein released into the bloodstream with injury go through myocardial muscle.

A

Troponin

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41
Q

The sudden blockage of an artery, typically in the lower extremity, in the patient with chronic peripheral arterial disease.

A

acute arterial occlusion

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42
Q

a permanent localized dilation of an artery that enlarges the artery to at least 2x its normal diameter.

A

aneurysm

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43
Q

a surgical procedure performed to excise an aneurysm.

A

aneurysmectomy

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44
Q

Measurement of arterial insufficiency based on the ratio of ankle systolic pressure to brachial systolic pressure.

A

Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI)

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45
Q

The surgical procedure most commonly used to increase arterial blood flow in the affected limb of a patient with peripheral arterial disease.

A

arterial revascularization

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46
Q

Painful ulcers caused by diminished blood flow through an artery that develop on the toes (often the great toe), between the toes, or on the upper aspect of the foot.

A

arterial ulcers

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47
Q

the thickening and hardening of the arterial wall, often associated with aging.

A

arteriosclerosis

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48
Q

A surgical opening into an artery

A

arteriotomy

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49
Q

An invasive nonsurgical technique in which a high-speed, rotating metal burr uses fine abrasive bits to scrape plaque from inside an artery while minimizing damage to the vessel surface.

A

atherectomy

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50
Q

a type of arteriosclerosis that involves the formation of plaque within the arterial wall; the leading contributor to coronary artery & cerebrovascular disease.

A

Atherosclerosis

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51
Q

Belonging to the person; for example, when a person’s vein is moved from one part of the body to another.

A

autogenous

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52
Q

A complex, multi-step process by which blood forms a protein-based structure (clot) in an appropriate area of tissue injury to prevent excessive bleeding while maintaining whole-body blood flow (perfusion).

A

clotting

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53
Q

that provides blood to an area with altered tissue perfusion through smaller vessels that develop and compensate for the occluded vessels.

A

collateral circulation

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54
Q

a blood clot that forms in one or more of the deep veins in the body, usually the legs

A

deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

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55
Q

a blood clot or other object (e.g., air bubble, fatty deposit) that is carried in the bloodstream & lodges in another area.

A

embolus

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56
Q

The repair of an abdominal aortic aneurysms using a stent made of flexible material.

A

endovascular stent grafts

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57
Q

The most common type of hypertension that is not caused by an existing health problem. Also called primary hypertension.

A

essential hypertension

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58
Q

A potentially devastating immune-mediated adverse drug reaction caused by the emergence of antibodies that activate platelets in the presence of heparin.

A

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)

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59
Q

an elevation of serum lipid levels in the blood

A

hyperlipidemia

60
Q

A severe elevation in blood pressure (greater than 180/120), which can cause damage to organs such as the kidneys or heart. Also called malignant hypertension.

A

hypertensive crisis

61
Q

A type of vascular filter inserted by a surgeon percutaneously into the inferior vena cava; indicated for deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE) when anticoagulation therapy is contraindicated.

A

inferior vena cava filtration

62
Q

Obstructions in the distal end of the aorta and the common, internal, and external iliac arteries that results in pain or discomfort in the lower back, buttocks, or thighs.

A

inflow disease

63
Q

A characteristic leg pain experienced by patients with chronic peripheral arterial disease. Typically, patients can walk only a certain distance before a cramping muscle pain forces them to stop. As the disease progresses, the patient can walk only shorter and shorter distances before pain recurs. Ultimately, pain may occur even at rest.

A

intermittent claudication

64
Q

fat, including cholesterol & triglycerides, that can be measured in the blood

A

lipid

65
Q

a decrease in blood pressure (20 mmHg systolic &/ or 10 mmHg diastolic) that occurs when the patient changes position from lying or sitting to standing.

A

orthostatic hypotension

66
Q

Obstructions in the femoral, popliteal, and tibial arteries and below the superficial femoral artery (SFA) that cause burning or cramping in the calves, ankles, feet, and toes.

A

outflow disease

67
Q

a nonsurgical procedure used to treat blood vessels that are narrowed or closed because of vascular disease

A

percutaneous vascular intervention

68
Q

disorders that change the natural flow of blood through the arteries and veins of the peripheral circulation, causing decreased perfusion to body tissues

A

peripheral vascular disease (PVD)

69
Q

Inflammation of a vein, which can predispose patients to thrombosis.

A

phlebitis

70
Q

a thrombus in the vein without inflammation

A

Phlebothrombosis

71
Q

dusky red (reddish- blue) discoloration of the skin

A

rubor

72
Q

Elevated blood pressure that is related to a specific disease (e.g., kidney disease) or medication.

A

secondary hypertension

73
Q

In patients with venous insufficiency, discoloration of the skin along the ankles; may extend up to the calf.

A

stasis dermatitis

74
Q

Associated with long-term venous insufficiency; ulcer formed as a result of edema or minor injury to the limb; typically occurs over the malleolus.

A

stasis ulcers

75
Q

vascular lesions with a red center & radiating branches commonly referred to as spider veins or spider angiomas.

A

telangiectasia

76
Q

a surgical procedure used to remove deep thrombosis, or blood clots that have formed in the deep veins

A

thrombectomy

77
Q

a thrombus that is associated with inflammation

A

thrombophlebitis

78
Q

a blood clot believed to result from an endothelial injury, venous stasis,, or hyper-coagulability.

A

thrombus

79
Q

A wound dressing constructed of gauze moistened with zinc oxide; used to promote venous return in the ambulatory patient with a stasis ulcer and form a sterile environment for the ulcer.

A

unna boot

80
Q

distended, protruding veins that appear darkened and tortuous

A

varicose veins

81
Q

Alteration of venous efficiency by thrombosis or defective valves; caused by prolonged venous hypertension, which stretches the veins and damages the valves, resulting in further venous hypertension, edema, and, eventually, venous stasis ulcers, swelling, and cellulitis.

A

venous insufficiency

82
Q

A term that refers to both deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE); obstruction by a thrombus.

A

Venous Thromboembolism (VTE)

83
Q

describes the 3 factors that contribute to thrombosis-stasis of blood flow, endothelial injury, & and hyper-coagulability.

A

Virchow’s triad

84
Q

a chronic disease in which acute reversible airway obstruction occurs intermittently, reducing airflow

A

asthma

85
Q

a collection of lower airway disorders that interfere with airflow and gas exchange

A

COPD

86
Q

Right-sided heart failure caused by pulmonary disease occurring with bronchitis & emphysema

A

COR PULMONALE

87
Q

Asthma drugs used daily to reduce airway sensitivity (responsiveness) to prevent asthma attacks from occurring and to maintain gas exchange

A

control therapy drugs

88
Q

an inflammation of the bronchi & bronchioles caused by exposure to irritants, especially cigarette smoke

A

chronic bronchitis

89
Q

an autosomal recessive genetic disease that affecrs many organs with most impairment occurring to pancreatic and/ or lung function

A

cystic fibrosis

90
Q

perceived shortness of breath

A

dyspnea

91
Q

a destructive problem of lung elastic tissue that reduces its ability to recoil after stretching, leading to hyperinflation of the lung

A

emphysema

92
Q

higher than normal blood carbon dioxide levels; also known as hypercarbia

A

hypercapnia

93
Q

low blood oxygen levels

A

hypoxemia

94
Q

removal of a lobe of the lung

A

lobectomy

95
Q

breathlessness that is worse in a supine postion

A

orthopnea

96
Q

surgical removal of an entire lung

A

pneumonectomy

97
Q

a condition in which pulmonary vessels & often other lung tissues undergo growth changes that greatly increase pressure in the lung circulatory system for unknown reasons (also known as idiopathic pulmonary artery hypertension)

A

pulmonary artery hypertension

98
Q

asthma drugs used to actually stop an asthma attack once it has started. Also known as rescue drugs.

A

reliever drugs

99
Q

acute pericarditis

A

an inflammation or alteration of the pericardium, the membraneous sac that encloses the heart; may be fibrous, serous, hemorrhagic, purulent, or neoplastic

100
Q

aortic regurgitation

A

the flow of blood from the aorta back into the left ventricle during diastole; occurs when the valve leaflets do not close properly during diastole & annulus (the valve ring that attaches to the leaflets) is dilated or deformed

101
Q

aortic stenosis

A

narrowing of the aortic valve orifice and obstruction of left ventricular outflow during systole

102
Q

B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)

A

a peptide produced and released by the ventricles when the patient has fluid overload as a result of heart failure

103
Q

cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT)

A

in patients with some types of heart failure. the use of a permanent pacemaker alone or in combination with an implantable cardioverterdebrillation (ICD) to provide biventricular pacing

104
Q

cardiac tamponade

A

compression of the myocardium by fluid that has accumulated around the heart; this compresses the atria and the ventricles, prevents them from filling adequately, and reduces cardiac output

105
Q

cardiomegaly

A

enlargement of the heart

106
Q

cardiomyopathy

A

a subacute or chronic disease of cardiac muscle; classified into four categories based on abnormalities in structure and function: dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive, and arrhthmogenic

107
Q

diastolic heart failure

A

heart failure that occurs whe nthe left ventricle is unable to relax adequately during diastole, which prevents the ventricle from filling with enough blood to ensure adequate cardiac output

108
Q

dilated cardiomyopathy

A

inability of the heart to pump effectively due to enlargement (dilation) and weakening of the ventricles

108
Q

ejection fraction

A

percentage of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each contraction

109
Q

exertional dyspnea

A

breathlessness of difficulty breathing that develops during activity or exertion

110
Q

heart failure

A

a general term for the inadequacy of the heart to pump throughout the body, causing insufficient perfusion of body tissues with vital nutrients and oxygen

111
Q

hemodynamic monitoring

A

continuous monitoring of the movement of blood and pressures within the veins, arteries, and chambers of the heart; invasive hemodynamic monitoring is the use of a specialized catheter inserted into the heart to continuously monitor pulmonary pressures, central venous pressure, and left atrial pressure

112
Q

high output heart failure

A

failure of the heart due to high peripheral demand with a cardiac output that is higher than normal

113
Q

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

inability of the heart to pump blood effectively due to thickening (hypertrophy) of the heart muscle

114
Q

infective endocarditis

A

a microbial infection (e.g., viruses, bacteria, fungi) involving the endocardium

115
Q

mitral regurgitation

A

inability of the mitral valve to close completely during systole, which allows the backflow of blood into the left atrium when the ventricle contracts

116
Q

mitral stenosis

A

thickening of the mitral valve due to fibrosis and calcification. The valve leaflets fuse and become stiff, and the valve opening narrows, which prevents normal blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle

117
Q

mitral valve prolapse

A

dysfunction of the mitral valve that occurs because the valvular leaflets enlarge and prolapse into the left atrium during systole

118
Q

myocardial hypertrophy

A

enlargement of the cardiac muscle

119
Q

orthopnea

A

shortness of breath that occurs when lying down but is relieved by sitting up

120
Q

paradoxical pulse

A

an exaggerated decrease in systolic blood pressure by more than 10 mm Hg during the inspiratory phase of the respiratory cycle (normal is 3 to 10 mm Hg); indicative of cardiac tamponade, constrictive pericarditis, and pulmonary hypertension; also referred to as pulsus paradoxus

121
Q

paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

A

in the patient with heart disease, shortness of breath that develops after lying down for several hours and causes the patient to awaken abruptly with a feeling of suffocation and panic

122
Q

pericardial effusion

A

accumulation of fluid in the pericardial space

123
Q

pericardiocentesis

A

withdrawal of pericardial fluid through a catheter inserted into the pericardial space to relieve the pressure on the heart

124
Q

petechiae

A

pinpoint, red or purple spots on the mucous membrances, palate, conjunctivae, or skin caused by bleeding within the dermal or submucosal layer

124
Q

restrictive cardiomyopathy

A

inability of the heart to pump effectively due to restrictive filling of the ventricles

124
Q

pulsus alternans

A

a type of pulse in which a weak pulse alternates with a strong pulse despite a regular heart rhythm; seen in patients with severely depressed cardiac function

125
Q

right-sided heart (ventricular) failure

A

the inability of the right ventricle to empty completely, resulting in increased volume and pressure in the systemic veins and systemic venous congestion with peripheral edema

126
Q

S3 gallop

A

the third heart sound; an early diastolic filling sound that indicates an increase in the left ventricular pressure and may be heard on auscultation in patients with heart failure

127
Q

splinter hemorrhage

A

black, longitudinal line or small red streak on the distal third of the nail bed; seen in patients with infective endocarditits

128
Q

systolic heart failure

A

heart failure that results when the heart is unable to contract forcefully enough during systole to eject adequate amounts of blood into circulation

129
Q

ventricular assist device (VAD)

A

mechanical pump that is surgically inserted with external power source that supports the function of the ventricles and heart

130
Q

anergy

A

failure to have a skin response to TB skin testing because of reduced immunity even when infection is present

131
Q

consolidation

A

an abnormal solidification with lack of air spaces in a segment of area of the lung

132
Q

COVID-19

A

a new coronavirus mutation (CO= corona; VI= virus; D= disease; 19= 2019, the year the new virus was identified) that enabled this animal virus to infect humans and is responsible for the 2020 influenza pandemic

133
Q

empyema

A

a collection of pus in the pleural cavity

134
Q

endemic infection

A

respiratory infection caused by organisms that are much more common within a geographic location but the actual incidence of the infection is relatively low

135
Q

gas exchange

A

oxygen transport to the cells and carbon dioxide transport away from the cells through ventilation and diffusion

136
Q

immunity

A

maintained by the body’s physiologic defense mechanisms

137
Q

induration

A

localized swelling with hardness of soft tissue

138
Q

infection

A

invasion of pathogens into the body that multiply and cause disease or illness

139
Q

inflammation

A

a syndrome of normal tissue responses to cellular injury, allergy, or the invasion of pathogens

140
Q

military (hematogenous) TB

A

spread of TB throughout the body when a large number of organisms enter the blood

141
Q

pandemic infection

A

an infection with an organism to which most humans have no immunity and that has the potential to spread globally

142
Q

tuberculosis (TB)

A

a highly communicable disease caused by infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis

MED SURG 2 (13 decks)

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