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Kcep 210 final > Hypertension > Flashcards

Hypertension Flashcards

1
Q

Hypertension - other terms

A
  • silent killer

- High blood pressure

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2
Q

What is hypertension ?

A

Damage to the heart, brain, kidneys and eyes due to blood vessel damage

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3
Q

hypertension - major risk of death by what

A

Stroke and heart attack

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4
Q

Mechanical causes

A
  • Increase stroke volume (more blood pumped every heart beat)
  • Increase peripheral resistance = decreased vasodilation of blood vessels and arterial walls become thickened, inelastic and resistance to blood flow
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5
Q

Hypertension - incidence

A
  • 20 to 25% of Canadians but 1/3 don’t know it

- Trends : more older people has it than younger (varies with age)

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6
Q

Hypertension - symptoms

A
  • Mild to moderate : no symptoms

- Severe: blurred vision, severe headaches, confusion

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7
Q

What is use the measure BP?

A
  • Sphygmomanometer
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8
Q

Optimal BP

A
  • 120 / 80 mmHG
  • 120 = systolic
  • 80 = diastolic
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9
Q

Temporarily increase of BP - factors

A
  • Stress
  • Smoking
  • Exercise
  • Caffeine
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10
Q

Lowest BP

A

Sleeping

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11
Q

What happens to BP pressure during winter vs during summer?

A
  • Winter BP rise

- Summer BP drops

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12
Q

Why change in BP during different season? (2)

A
  • Blood vessels constrict in cold causing heart to work harder
  • Increase weight and decreased exercise during winter
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13
Q

Hypertension - Causes (2)

A
  1. Primary/ essential : no medical cause (don’t know why) = 90%
  2. Secondary
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14
Q

Secondary hypertension - factors (8)

A
  • Pregnancy
  • Coarctation of aorta
  • Obesity
  • Smoking
  • Physical inactivity
  • High fat diet + increase salt intake
  • Large amount of alcohol
  • Increase stress
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15
Q

Hypertension and atherosclerosis (hardening of arteries) - high BP leads to what

A

Swelling and stretching of arteries walls

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16
Q

Hypertension and atherosclerosis - Swelling and stretching of arteries walls leads to what

A

Endothelial injury

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17
Q

Hypertension and atherosclerosis - Endothelial injury leads to what

A

Attraction of LDL cholesterol and white blood cells (WBC)

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18
Q

Hypertension and atherosclerosis - Attraction of LDL cholesterol and WBC leads to what

A

Formation of plaque

19
Q

Hypertension and atherosclerosis - Formation of plaque leads to what

A

Atherosclerosis

20
Q

Hypertension and atherosclerosis - Atherosclerosis leads to what

A

Major risk of death by stroke and heart attack

21
Q

HBP - causes for children (3)

A
  • Obesity
  • Poor nutrition habit
  • Family history
22
Q

HBP classification by severity - Where does it started

A
  • Stage 1 (mild) : 140-159 / 90-99
23
Q

HBP classification by severity - if systolic and diastolic don’t fall in same category which categories is selected?

A

Higher category

24
Q

Normal BP response to aerobic training

A
  • Systolic increase by 30-60 mmHg

- No change in Diastolic

25
Q

Systolic BP during aerobic and resistance training - order lowest to highest BP

A
  • Rest
  • Aerobic exercise
  • 2-arm heavy curl
  • 2-leg press heavy load
26
Q

Effect of Regular exercise on BP for people with Hypertension - Aerobic training

A

Decreased systolic BP by 5-7 mmHg and diastolic by 3-5 mmHg

27
Q

Effect of Regular exercise on BP for people with Hypertension - Dynamic resistance training

A

Decreased BP by 2-3 mmHg both systolic and diastolic

28
Q

Effect of Regular exercise on BP for people with Hypertension - Isometric resistance training

A
  • Potential for largest decreased in BP

- Increase risk of medical complication

29
Q

Reduction of how many mmHg to lower stroke by 14-17% and coronary artery disease by 9 and 6%

A

2 mmHg

30
Q

Effect of weight reduction on BP in overweight subject - BMI

A

Higher than 25 kg/m2

31
Q

Effect of weight reduction on BP in overweight subject - program

A

Supervised diet during 20 weeks

32
Q

Effect of weight reduction on BP in overweight subject - Results (4)

A
  • BMI decreased from 31.9 to 28.2 Kg/m2
  • Weight decreased by 11.5%
  • Decreased systolic BP at rest
  • Decreased in systolic and diastolic BP during exercise
33
Q

Recommendation for exercise - Stage 3-4

A
  • Medication first

- Endurance training

34
Q

Endurance training in stage 3-4 - recommendations (5)

A
  • Mode : large muscle and aerobic
  • Frequency : 3 to 7 days / week
  • Duration : 20-60 min.
  • Intensity : 50-85% of peak HR
  • Lower intensity 40-70% is good
35
Q

Consideration - when is exercise contraindicated ? (2)

A
  • Resting BP higher than 200/115 mmHg

- during exercise higher than 225/90 mmHg

36
Q

Consideration - What types of exercise are contraindicated?

A
  • High intensity isometric training and Heavy strength training activities
  • Involving Valsalva effect
37
Q

Consideration - What’s the valsalva effect?

A

Blocking the breathing when exercising

38
Q

Consideration - meds

A
  • affect BP during and after exercise

- Decrease peripheral resistance by vasodilation which produce post-exercise hypotension

39
Q

Management of Hypertension - main goal

A
  • Control BP by the least intrusive means possible

- BP maintained below 140-90 mmHg (stage 1)

40
Q

Management of Hypertension - ways to control (5)

A
  • Meds
  • Healthy diet
  • Exercise
  • Manage emotional stress
  • Weight control
41
Q

Medication - Diuretics

A
  • Flush excess water and sodium from the body = lowering BP
42
Q

Medication - Beta blockers

A
  • Blocking certain nerve and hormonal signal to the heart and blood vessel - lowering BP
43
Q

Medication - Calcium channel blockers

A
  • Prevent calcium from going into heart and blood vessel muscles cells = relaxing cells and lowering BP

Kcep 210 final (8 decks)

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