Hypertension Flashcards
Hypertension - other terms
- silent killer
- High blood pressure
What is hypertension ?
Damage to the heart, brain, kidneys and eyes due to blood vessel damage
hypertension - major risk of death by what
Stroke and heart attack
Mechanical causes
- Increase stroke volume (more blood pumped every heart beat)
- Increase peripheral resistance = decreased vasodilation of blood vessels and arterial walls become thickened, inelastic and resistance to blood flow
Hypertension - incidence
- 20 to 25% of Canadians but 1/3 don’t know it
- Trends : more older people has it than younger (varies with age)
Hypertension - symptoms
- Mild to moderate : no symptoms
- Severe: blurred vision, severe headaches, confusion
What is use the measure BP?
- Sphygmomanometer
Optimal BP
- 120 / 80 mmHG
- 120 = systolic
- 80 = diastolic
Temporarily increase of BP - factors
- Stress
- Smoking
- Exercise
- Caffeine
Lowest BP
Sleeping
What happens to BP pressure during winter vs during summer?
- Winter BP rise
- Summer BP drops
Why change in BP during different season? (2)
- Blood vessels constrict in cold causing heart to work harder
- Increase weight and decreased exercise during winter
Hypertension - Causes (2)
- Primary/ essential : no medical cause (don’t know why) = 90%
- Secondary
Secondary hypertension - factors (8)
- Pregnancy
- Coarctation of aorta
- Obesity
- Smoking
- Physical inactivity
- High fat diet + increase salt intake
- Large amount of alcohol
- Increase stress
Hypertension and atherosclerosis (hardening of arteries) - high BP leads to what
Swelling and stretching of arteries walls
Hypertension and atherosclerosis - Swelling and stretching of arteries walls leads to what
Endothelial injury
Hypertension and atherosclerosis - Endothelial injury leads to what
Attraction of LDL cholesterol and white blood cells (WBC)
Hypertension and atherosclerosis - Attraction of LDL cholesterol and WBC leads to what
Formation of plaque
Hypertension and atherosclerosis - Formation of plaque leads to what
Atherosclerosis
Hypertension and atherosclerosis - Atherosclerosis leads to what
Major risk of death by stroke and heart attack
HBP - causes for children (3)
- Obesity
- Poor nutrition habit
- Family history
HBP classification by severity - Where does it started
- Stage 1 (mild) : 140-159 / 90-99
HBP classification by severity - if systolic and diastolic don’t fall in same category which categories is selected?
Higher category
Normal BP response to aerobic training
- Systolic increase by 30-60 mmHg
- No change in Diastolic
Systolic BP during aerobic and resistance training - order lowest to highest BP
- Rest
- Aerobic exercise
- 2-arm heavy curl
- 2-leg press heavy load
Effect of Regular exercise on BP for people with Hypertension - Aerobic training
Decreased systolic BP by 5-7 mmHg and diastolic by 3-5 mmHg
Effect of Regular exercise on BP for people with Hypertension - Dynamic resistance training
Decreased BP by 2-3 mmHg both systolic and diastolic
Effect of Regular exercise on BP for people with Hypertension - Isometric resistance training
- Potential for largest decreased in BP
- Increase risk of medical complication
Reduction of how many mmHg to lower stroke by 14-17% and coronary artery disease by 9 and 6%
2 mmHg
Effect of weight reduction on BP in overweight subject - BMI
Higher than 25 kg/m2
Effect of weight reduction on BP in overweight subject - program
Supervised diet during 20 weeks
Effect of weight reduction on BP in overweight subject - Results (4)
- BMI decreased from 31.9 to 28.2 Kg/m2
- Weight decreased by 11.5%
- Decreased systolic BP at rest
- Decreased in systolic and diastolic BP during exercise
Recommendation for exercise - Stage 3-4
- Medication first
- Endurance training
Endurance training in stage 3-4 - recommendations (5)
- Mode : large muscle and aerobic
- Frequency : 3 to 7 days / week
- Duration : 20-60 min.
- Intensity : 50-85% of peak HR
- Lower intensity 40-70% is good
Consideration - when is exercise contraindicated ? (2)
- Resting BP higher than 200/115 mmHg
- during exercise higher than 225/90 mmHg
Consideration - What types of exercise are contraindicated?
- High intensity isometric training and Heavy strength training activities
- Involving Valsalva effect
Consideration - What’s the valsalva effect?
Blocking the breathing when exercising
Consideration - meds
- affect BP during and after exercise
- Decrease peripheral resistance by vasodilation which produce post-exercise hypotension
Management of Hypertension - main goal
- Control BP by the least intrusive means possible
- BP maintained below 140-90 mmHg (stage 1)
Management of Hypertension - ways to control (5)
- Meds
- Healthy diet
- Exercise
- Manage emotional stress
- Weight control
Medication - Diuretics
- Flush excess water and sodium from the body = lowering BP
Medication - Beta blockers
- Blocking certain nerve and hormonal signal to the heart and blood vessel - lowering BP
Medication - Calcium channel blockers
- Prevent calcium from going into heart and blood vessel muscles cells = relaxing cells and lowering BP
