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Midterms > Hydrology (Finals) > Flashcards

Hydrology (Finals) Flashcards

1
Q

is the process in which a liquid change to the gaseous state at the free surface, below the boiling point through the transfer of heat energy

A

evaporation

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2
Q

evaporation from water bodies and soil masses together with transpiration from vegetation

A

evapotranspiration

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3
Q

rate of evaporation is dependent on:

A
  • the vapor pressures at the water surfaces and air above
  • air and water temperatures
  • wind speed
  • atmospheric pressure
  • quality of water
  • size of the water body
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4
Q

rate of evaporation is proportional to the difference between the saturation vapor pressure (SVP) at the water temperature (ew) and the actual vapor pressure in the air (ea)

A

vapor pressure

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5
Q

John Dalton’s law of evaporation

A
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6
Q

rate of evaporation increases with an increase in the water temperature

A

temperature

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7
Q

the amount of water evaporated from a water surface is estimated by the following methods:

A
  • using evaporimeter data
  • empirical evaporation equations
  • analytical methods
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8
Q

are water-containing pans which are exposed to the atmosphere and the loss of water by evaporation measured in them at regular intervals

A

evaporimeters

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9
Q

a pan of diameter 1210 mm and depth 255 mm and made of unpainted GI sheet

A

class A evaporation pan

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10
Q

the pan is placed on a wooden platform of height 15 cm above ground level to allow free air circulation below the pan

A

class A evaporation pan

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11
Q

a pan of diameter 1220 mm and depth 255 mm and is made of copper sheet 0.9 mm thick, tinned inside and painted white outside

A

ISI standard pan

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12
Q

the pan is placed on a square wooden platform of width 1225 mm and heigh 100mm above the ground level below the pan

A

ISI standard pan

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13
Q

920 mm square pan made of unpainted GI sheet, 460 mm deep, and buried into the ground within 100 mm of the top

A

colorado sunken pan

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14
Q

a square pan of 900 mm sides and 450 mm deep

A

us geological survey floating pan

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15
Q

supported by drums float in the middle of a raft of size 4.25 m x 4.87m, it is set a float in a lake with a view to simulate the characteristics of a large body of water

A

us geological survey floating pan

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16
Q

lake evaporation = cp x pan evaporation

A

class a land pan - 0.700, 0.60-0.80
ISI pan (modified class A) - 0.875, 0.65-1.10
colorado sunken pan - 0.805, 0.75 - 0.86
USGS floating pan - 0.760, 0.70-0.82

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17
Q

empirical evaporation equation

A

𝐸𝐿 = 𝐾𝑓(𝑢)( 𝒆𝒘 − 𝒆𝒂)

f(u) = wind speed

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18
Q

meyer’s formula

A

𝐸𝐿= 𝐾𝑀( 𝒆𝒘− 𝒆𝒂)(𝟏 + 𝒖𝟗/16 )

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19
Q

water budget method

A

𝑃 + 𝑉𝑖𝑠 + 𝑉𝑖𝑔 = 𝑉𝑜𝑠 + 𝑉𝑜𝑔 + 𝐸𝐿 + Δ𝑆 + 𝑇𝐿

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19
Q

analytical methods of evaporation

A
  • water-budget method
  • energy-balance method
  • mass-transfer method
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20
Q

simplest but the least reliabe

A

water-budget method

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21
Q

is application of law of conservation of energy

A

energy-budget method

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22
Q

water volume lost due to evaporation from a reservoir

A

𝑉𝐸 = 𝐴𝐸𝑝𝑚𝐶𝑝

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23
Q

methods to reduce evaporation losses

A
  1. reduction of surface area
  2. mechanical covers
  3. chemical films
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24
Q

as the area increases the rate if evaporation also increases

A

reduction of surface area

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25
Q

permanent rods over the reservoir, temporary rods and floating roof such as rafts and light -weight floating particles

A

mechanical cover

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26
Q

application of cetyl alcohol (heaxdecanol) and stearyl alcohol (octadecanol)

A

chemical films

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27
Q

process by which water leaves the body of a living plant and reaches the atmosphere as water vapor

A

transpiration

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28
Q

important factors affecting transpiration are:

A

atmospheric vapor pressure
temperature
wind
light intensity
characteristics of the plants

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29
Q

the total amount of water loss in the form of water vapors into the atmosphere from surface of the soil. canopy interception, water bodies as well as from the aerial parts of the plants

A

evapotranspiration

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30
Q

if sufficient moistureis always available to completely meet the needsof vegetayion full covering the area

A

potential evapotranspiration

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31
Q

the real evapotranspiration occurring in a specific situation

A

actual evapotranspiration

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32
Q

is the maximum quantity of water that the soil retain against the force gravity

A

field capacity

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33
Q

is the moisture content of a soil at which the moisture is no longer available in sufficient quantity to sustain the plants

A

permanent wilting point

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34
Q

hydrologic budget

A

𝑷− 𝑹𝒔−𝑮𝒐−𝑬𝒂𝒄𝒕=Δ𝑺

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35
Q

is a special watertight tank containing a block of a soil and seat in a field of growing plants

A

lysimeters

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36
Q

measurement are usually confined to precipitation, irrigation input, surface runoff, and soil moisture

A

field plots

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37
Q

it is calculated by multiplying the reference crop evapotranspiration by coefficient K, the value of which changes with the stage of the crop

A

potential evapotranspiration of any other crop

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38
Q

potential evapotranspiration of any other crop

A

𝐸𝑇=𝐾(𝐸𝑇𝑜)

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39
Q

Blaney - Criddle Formula

A

𝐸𝑇=2.54𝐾𝐹 and 𝐹= Σ𝑃ℎ𝑇̅𝑓/100

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40
Q

can be defined as a flow channel into which the surface runoff from a specified basin drains

A

stream

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41
Q

the science and practice of water measurement

A

hydrometry

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42
Q

streamflow measurement techniques

A

direct determination stream discharge
indirect determination stream flow

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43
Q

direct determination stream discharge

A
  • area-velocity methods
  • dilution techniques
  • electromagnetic methods
  • ultrasonic method
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44
Q

indirect determination stream flow:

A
  • hydraulic structures
  • slope-area
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45
Q

classifications of stream

A
  • perennial streams
  • intermittent streams
  • ephemeral streams
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46
Q

water flows in these streams through out the year. the primary water source can be from ground water, surface water, or combination of both

A

perennial streams

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47
Q

For part or most of the year but may carry no water during the dry season

A

intermittent stream

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48
Q

there streams flow only for a short time, usually after a large storm or snowmelt when there is an increase in water runoff

A

ephemeral streams

49
Q

the simplest of stage measurements are made by noting the elevation of the water surface in contact with a fixed graduated staff

A

staff gauge

50
Q

is made of a durable material with a low coefficient of expansion with respect to the both temperature and moisture

A

staff

51
Q

it is a gauge used to measure the water-surface elevation from the above the surface such as from a bridge or similar structure

A

wire gauge

52
Q

it overcomes this basic objection of manual staff gauge and find considerable use in stream-flow measurement practice

A

automatic stage recorders

53
Q

is the most common type of automatic stage recorder in a stilling well is balanced by means of a counterweight over the pulley of a recorder

A

float-gauge recorder

54
Q

in this gauge, compressed air or gas is made to bleed out at a very small rate through an outlet placed at the bottom of the river

A

bubble gauge

55
Q

methods of streamflow measurement

A

volumetric method and gravimetric method
slop-area method

56
Q

are applicable if the channel or the stream cross-sectional area is small and the flow is relatively slow/laminar

A

volumetric method and gravimetric method

57
Q

it is the simplest and quickest method of determining the flow, thus may cause inaccuracies on flow measurement of large channel

A

volumetric method and gravimetric method

58
Q

this method is used by civil engineers in the design of channels.

A

slope-area method

59
Q

manning’s rational equation

A

𝑣=1/𝑛(𝑅^2/3)(𝑆^1/2)

r= area/perimeter

60
Q

current meter

A

𝑣=𝑎(𝑁𝑠)+𝑏

Ns = number of revolutions per seconds of the meter
a, b = constants

61
Q

the use of these structures is that these structures provide a unique control section in the flow such that the discharge will become a function of the water surface elevation

A

control-section method

62
Q

control-section method

A

Q = f(H)

H = water surface elevation

63
Q

means the draining of flowing off of precipitation from a catchment area through a surface channel

A

runoff

64
Q

is the portion of rainfall which flows through the rivers, streams, etc

A

runoff

65
Q

types of runoff

A

surface runoff
subsurface runoff
base flow

66
Q

portion of rainfall that enters streams immediately after occurring rainfall

A

surface runoff

67
Q

amount of rainfall first enter into soil and then flows laterally towards streams without joining water table

A

subsurface runoff

68
Q

delayed flow. water that meets the groundwater table and joining the streams or ocean

A

base flow

69
Q

factors affecting runoff

A

climate factor
direction of prevailing wind
physiological factors

70
Q

shape of watershed

A

fan shaped
fan shaped (elongated)
broad shaped

71
Q

peak runoff is less

A

fan shaped

72
Q

peak flow is more

A

broad shaped

73
Q

which results due to an isolated storm, is typically single peaked skew distribution of discharge and is known variously as storm hydrograph, flood hydrograph or simply, hydrograph

A

hydrograph

74
Q

it consists of flow in all the three phases of runoff, viz, surface runoff, interflow and baseflow

A

hydrograph

75
Q

components of a hydrograph

A

rising limb
crest segment
recession limb

76
Q

also known as, the concentration curve, represent the increase in discharge due to the gradual building u of storage in channel and over the catchment surface.

A

rising limb

77
Q

is one of the most important parts of hydrograph as it contains the peak flow

A

crest segment

78
Q

which extends from the point of inflection at the end of the crest segment

A

recession limb

79
Q

it is the time from the beinning to end of the direct runoff

A

time base of Hydrograph (Tb)

80
Q

it is the difference in time between the center of mass of net rainfall and center of mass runoff

A

lag time (TL)

81
Q

it is the time difference between the beginnings of direct runoff

A

time to peak (Tp)

82
Q

it is the effective rainfall duration, which causes direct runoff.

A

rainfall duration (Tr)

83
Q

In this method, the separation of the base flow is achieved by joining with a straight line the beginning of the surface runoff to a point on the recession limb representing the end of the direct runoff.

A

method I

84
Q

is obtained from the total storm hydrograph by separating the quick-response flow from the slow response runoff.

A

surface-flow hydrograph

85
Q

In this method, the base flow curve existing prior to the commencement of the surface runoff is extended until it intersects the ordinate drawn at the peak.

A

method II

86
Q

In this method, the base flow recession curve after the depletion of the flood water is extended backwards till it intersects the ordinate at the point of inflection

A

method III

87
Q

is that part of the rainfall that becomes direct runoff at the outlet of the watershed.

A

effective rainfall or excess rainfall

88
Q

is also often withdrawn for agricultural, municipal, and industrial use by constructing and operating extraction wells.

A

Groundwater

89
Q

The study of the distribution and movement of groundwater

A

hydrogeology or groundwater hydrology.

90
Q

The area where water fills the aquifer

A

saturated zone (or saturation zone)

91
Q

this zone also known as groundwater zone is the space in which all the pores of the soil are filled with water.

A

Saturated Zone or phreatic zone

92
Q

in this zone the soil pores are only partially saturated with water.

A

Zone of Aeration

93
Q

this lies close to the ground surface in the major root band of the vegetation from which the water is lost to the atmosphere by evapotranspiration.

A

soil water zone

94
Q

in this water is held by capillary action. This zone extends from the water table upwards to the limit of the capillary rise.

A

capillary zone

95
Q

this lies between the soil water zone and the capillary fringe.

A

intermediate zone

96
Q

is a saturated formation of earth material which not only stores water but yields it in sufficient quantity.

A

aquifer

97
Q

it is a formation through which only seepage is possible and thus the yield is insignificant compared to aquifer

A

aquitard

98
Q

it is a geological formation which is essentially impermeable to the flow of water.

A

aquiclude

99
Q

it is a geological formation which is neither porous nor permeable.

A

aquifuge

100
Q

the top surface of the saturated zone

A

water table

101
Q

is the processes of infiltration and migration or percolation by which ground water is replaced

A

recharge

102
Q

occurs where ground water flows into a stream, escapes at the surface in a spring, or otherwise exits the aquifer.

A

groundwater recharge

103
Q

region above water table where water rises due to capillary forces in the porous medium.

A

capillary fringe

104
Q

rock and water

A

saturated zone, phreatic zone

105
Q

a geologic unit that stores and transmits water

A

aquifer

106
Q

water is in contact with atmospheric pressure – drill and well hit the water table

A

unconfined aquifer

107
Q

recharge upgradient forces water to flow down and get trapped under an aquiclude.

A

confined aquifer

108
Q

Percentage volume occupied by voids. is independent of scale

A

porosity

109
Q

Measures the transmission property of the media and the interconnection of the pores

A

permeability

110
Q

was a French engineer who lived in the mid-16th century.

A

darcy

111
Q

is the water table slope and its determined by dividing the vertical difference between the recharge and discharge points by the length if flow between these points.

A

hydrauic gradient

112
Q
A

𝑄= 𝐾𝐴(ℎ1−ℎ2)/𝑑

h1 - h2 = hydrauloc gradient
K = hydraulic conductivity factor
Q = discharge

113
Q

Rock types such as carbonate rocks or beds of rock salt or gypsum, chemical sediments deposited in shallow seas, are extremely soluble in water

A

karst and sinkholes

114
Q

is a hole drilled into the ground to access water contained in an aquifer.

A

well

115
Q

are used to pull water out of the ground, and a screen filters out unwanted particles that could clog the pipe

A

pipe and pump

116
Q

are usually bored into an unconfined water source, generally found at depths of 100 feet or less.

A

bored or shallow wells

117
Q

are drilled into a formation consisting entirely of a natural rock formation that contains no soil and does not collapse. Their average depth is about 250 feet.

A

consolidated or rock wells

118
Q

are drilled into a formation consisting of soil, sand, gravel or clay material that collapses upon itself.

A

unconsoidated or sand wells

119
Q

different categories of hydraulic structures

A

thin plates structure
long base weirs
flumes

120
Q

made of concrete, masonry, metal sheets

A

flumes

Midterms (6 decks)

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