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Midterms > Geology (Quiz) > Flashcards

Geology (Quiz) Flashcards

1
Q

is the line that marks the contact between land and sea.

A

Shoreline

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2
Q

refers specifically to the land along the edge of a body of water

A

Shore

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3
Q

refers to a larger geographical region that includes the shore as well as the adjacent land areas

A

Coast

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4
Q

an accumulation of sediment found along the landward margin of a water body.

A

beach

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5
Q

due to skeletons or shells of foraminiferas (single-celled marine organisms), corals and other organisms.

A

White sand

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6
Q

result of eroded volcanic materials such basalts (dark-colored volcanic rocks)

A

Black sand

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7
Q

originally white-colored sand beach, turned pinkish ever since washed-up red-colored corals spread all over the shore

A

Pink sand

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8
Q

huge andesite boulders were produced by Mt. Iraya volcano and these boulders were broken down, polished and rounded by strong waves in Batanes

A

Boulder beach

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9
Q

Refers to the specific interface or line where land and water meet

A

Shoreline

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10
Q

Has features, including rocky cliffs, sandy beaches, or marshy shores. Are subject to erosion and other natural processes

A

Coastline

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11
Q

also known simply as a cliff or a coastal cliff, is a geological feature formed by the erosion of waves against a coastline

A

Wave-cut Cliff

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12
Q

A narrow indentation or cutout in the coastline

A

Notch

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13
Q

refers to a nearly horizontal or gently sloping strip of land or sand found along the backshore of a beach

A

Berm

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14
Q

Part of the shore exposed at low tide and submerged at high tide

A

Foreshore

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15
Q

Extends from the shoreline to where waves break (surf zone) at the outer edge of the surf zone

A

Nearshore

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16
Q

Area beyond the nearshore zone. Associated with activities such as oil drilling, fishing, and shipping

A

Offshore

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17
Q

refers to the movement of water rushing up the beach after a wave breaks, carrying sediment and debris landward

A

Swash

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18
Q

is the flow of water back down the beach after the swash

A

Backwash

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19
Q

The uprush of water from each breaking wave (the swash) is at an oblique angle to the shoreline

A

Beach drift

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20
Q

Waves that approach the shore at an angle also produce currents within the surf zone that flow parallel to the shore and move substantially more sediment than beach drift.

A

Longshore Current

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21
Q

Are concentrated movements of water that flow opposite the direction of breaking waves.

A

Rip Current, rip tides

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22
Q

Most of the backwash from spent waves finds its way back to the open ocean as an unconfined flow across the ocean bottom

A

sheet flow

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23
Q

Erosional features

A

Wave-cut cliffs
Wave-cut platforms
Marine terraces
Sea arches
Sea stacks

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24
Q

A gently sloping, flat, or slightly inclined surface of rock that extends from the base of a wave-cut cliff out into the sea

A

Wave-cut platforms

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25
Q

Relatively flat or gently sloping landforms that parallel the coastline and are typically found above present-day sea level

A

Marine terraces

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26
Q

Is a natural rock arch formed by the erosive action of waves on coastal rock formations

A

Sea arches

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27
Q

A vertical column or pillar of rock that stands isolated from the coastline, often adjacent to cliffs or headlands

A

Sea stacks

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28
Q

Depositional features

A

Spits
Bars (Baymouth Bar)
Tombolos

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29
Q

Is an elongated ridge of sand that projects from the land into the mouth of an adjacent bay

A

Spits

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30
Q

is applied to a sandbar that completely crosses a bay, sealing it off from the open ocean.

A

baymouth bar

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31
Q

a body of water partially enclosed by land, usually with a wide mouth opening to the sea or another larger body of water, such as a lake or another bay.

A

Bay

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32
Q

A ridge of sand that connects an island to the mainland or to another island, forms in much the same manner as a spit

A

Tombolos

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33
Q
A
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34
Q

` Hurricane (North Atlantic Ocean and Northeastern Pacific Ocean)
` Cyclone (South Pacific and Indian Ocean)
` Typhoon (Northwestern Pacific Ocean)

A
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35
Q

is a dome of water 65 to 80 kilometers (40 to 50 miles) wide that sweeps across the coast near the point where the eye makes landfall

A

storm surge

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36
Q

Made landfall on November 8, 2013
Guian, Eastern Samar

A

Super Typhoon Yolanda

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37
Q

Hard stabilization

A

Jetties
Groins
Breakwaters and seawalls

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38
Q

Alternatives to hard stabilization

A

Beach nourishment
Changing land use

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39
Q

Structures built to protect a coast from erosion or to prevent the movement of sand along a beach

A

hard stabilization.

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40
Q

Structures typically built from a shoreline out into a body of water, often the sea or a river, to direct currents and prevent sediment deposition. They’re also used for docking boats or ships

A

Jetties

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41
Q

Jetties hep to:

A

Stabilize the shorelines
Manage sediment transport
Provide safe harbors for maritime activities

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42
Q

s a barrier built at a right angle to the beach to trap sand that moves parallel to the shore. usually constructed of large rocks but may also be composed of wood.

A

Groins

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43
Q

which protects boats from the force of large breaking waves by creating a quiet water zone near the shoreline

A

breakwater

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44
Q

a specifically designed harbor with facilities for mooring boats and yachts, often offering services such as fueling, repairs, and amenities for boaters and visitors.

A

Marina

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45
Q

the action of using such a tool or machine to remove material from the bottom of a body of water

A

Dredge

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46
Q

which is designed to armor the coas and defend property from the force of breaking waves

A

Seawalls

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47
Q

One approach to stabilizing shoreline sands without hard stabilization is

A

beach nourishment

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48
Q

his practice involves adding large quantities of sand to the beach system

A

beach nourishment

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49
Q

Earth’s different spheres

A

hydrosphere
atmosphere
geosphere
biosphere

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50
Q

unending circulation of water

A

hydrologic cycle.

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51
Q

the only planet in the solar system that has a global ocean and a hydrologic cycle.

A

earth

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52
Q

water content of the hydrosphere is an estimated

A

1.36 billion cubic kilometers (326 million cubic miles).

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53
Q

is a vast body of
saltwater that covers a
significant portion of Earth’s
surface

A

OCEANS

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54
Q

are vast bodies of
water that surround
continents,

A

OCEANS

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55
Q

generally smaller and partially
enclosed by land

A

seas

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56
Q

SEAS IN THE PHILIPPINES

A

▪ South China Sea
▪ Philippine Sea
▪ Bohol Sea
▪ Sibuyan Sea
▪ Camotes Sea
▪ Visayan Sea
▪ Samar Sea
▪ Celebes Sea
▪ Sulu Sea

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57
Q

are bodies of water
that have a high concentration of
dissolved salts, typically much
higher than freshwater lakes but
lower than seawater

A

saline lakse

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58
Q

refers to the presence
of salt, usually in the form of sodium
chloride (table salt), although other salts
such as magnesium, calcium, and
potassium salts can also contribute to
salinity.

A

“saline”

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59
Q

Also known as the “salt
sea”

A

Dead Sea

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60
Q

Its waters are mainly drawn
from the Jordan River, and
the high salinity means no
life can survive here (hence the “Dead” in its name)

A

Dead Sea

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61
Q

It’s technically not a sea at
all, but a landlocked salt
lake between Jordan and
Israel.

A

Dead Sea

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62
Q

is a large, persistent body of ice
that forms over many years as snow
accumulates and compresses into dense
ice.

A

glacier

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63
Q

are found in polar regions, high mountain
ranges, and some subpolar regions around the world.

A

Glaciers

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64
Q

are massive expanses of ice that
cover large areas of land, primarily in polar
regions.

A

ICE SHEETS

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65
Q

refers to water that is located beneath the
Earth’s surface in soil pore spaces, fractures, rock layers, or other geological formations.

A

GROUNDWATER

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66
Q

is a natural flowing watercourse that moves water
from higher elevations to lower elevations, typically
draining into a larger body of water such as an ocean, sea,
lake, or another river.

A

RIVERS

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67
Q

the longest river in the world
located in NE Africa

A

Nile River

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68
Q

has a total length of
approximately 6,650
kilometers (4,130 miles),
making it the longest river
globally based on traditional
definitions that measure from
the source to the mouth.

A

Nile River

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69
Q

➢Found in South America
➢Generally considered the largest
river in the world by volume of
water discharged and by
drainage area.

A

Amazon River

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70
Q

➢It carries more water than any
other river, contributing about
20% of the total river flow into
the world’s oceans.

A

Amazon River

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71
Q

Rio Grande de Cagayan
Longest river in the Philippines
(505 km long)

A

Cagayan River

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72
Q

It originates in the Caraballo
Mountains and flows through
several provinces, including
Nueva Vizcaya, Quirino, Isabela
and Cagayan.

A

Cagayan River

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73
Q

A type of wetland characterized by saturated muddy, and
often partially submerged land.

A

SWAMP

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74
Q

Are typically found in low-lying areas, along riverbanks,
and in coastal regions.

A

SWAMP

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75
Q

➢Refers to amount of water present in the
soil, including both liquid and vapor
phases.

A

SOIL MOISTURE

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76
Q

➢A lake that contains water with low salinity or salt
content, typically less than 0.5 parts per thousand
(ppt)

A

LAKE (Freshwater)

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77
Q

➢ Siberia, Russia
is the deepest (1.6 km) and oldest freshwater lake in the world.

A

Lake Baikal

78
Q

it holds about 20% of the world’s unfrozen freshwater, making
it the largest freshwater lake by volume.

A

Lake Baikal

79
Q

Pinatubo crater lake

A

a body of water formed within the caldera of Mt. Pinatubo.

80
Q

caldera was created during the cataclysmic eruption of Mt. Pinatubo

A

June 15, 1991

81
Q

➢Found in Luzon
➢Largest
freshwater lake
in the Philippines
in terms of
surface area
(900 km2
)

A

Laguna de Bay

82
Q

➢collectively hold a significant
portion of the Earth’s freshwater
reserves.

A

SNOW AND ICE

83
Q

the process
by which liquid water
changes into water
vapor (gas), is how water
enters the atmosphere
from the ocean and, to a
much lesser extent, from
the continents.

A

Evaporation,

84
Q

A portion of the water soaks
into the ground

A

infiltration

85
Q

surplus water flows over
the surface into lakes and
streams,

A

runoff

86
Q

some of the water
that soaks into the ground
is absorbed by plants,
which then release it into
the atmosphere.

A

transpiration.

87
Q

passes through
each part of the cycle
annually.

A

water
balance, or the volume of
water

88
Q

The amount of water that runs off compared
to the amount that infiltrates depends on
several factors:

A

(1) the intensity and duration of rainfall
(2) the amount of water already in the soil
(3) the nature of the surface material
(4) the slope of the land
(5) the extent and type of vegetation

89
Q

is a type of water flow that
occurs when water moves evenly over a surface in a thin, continuous layer

A

Sheet flow

90
Q

it is characterized by a relatively uniform distribution of water across a surface, often resembling a “sheet” of water flowing in a broad, shallow manner

A

Sheet flow

91
Q

sheet flows eventually develops threads of current that form tiny channels

A

rills

92
Q

are small channels or grooves that form on the surface of soil or loose sediment due to the erosion caused by flowing water

A

rills

93
Q

mm to cm

A

rills

94
Q

rills meet to form

A

gullies

95
Q

are larger and deeper channels than rills, characterized by more significant erosion and excavation of the soil or substrate

A

gullies

96
Q

cm to m

A

gullies

97
Q

when gullies reach an undefined size they area called

A

rivers

98
Q

water that flows in a channel, regardless of size

A

streams

99
Q

a general term for streams that carry susbtantial amounts of water and have numeous tributaries

A

rivers

100
Q

refers to a smaller river or stream that flows into a larger river, lake, or another body of water

A

tributary

101
Q

every stream drains an area of land

A

drainage basin or watershed

102
Q

each drainage basin is bounded by an imaginary line

A

divide

103
Q

includes not only its network of stream channels but its entire drainage basin

A

river system

104
Q

it can be divided into three zones based on the process that dominates in each:

three zones in a river system:

A
  1. zone of sediment production
  2. zone of sediment transport
  3. zone of sediment deposition
105
Q

the zone of sediment production, where most of the sediment is derived, is located in the ___ region of the river system

A

headwaters

106
Q

downstream from the zone of sediment production sediment acquired by a stream is transported through the channel network along sections

A

trunk streams

107
Q

when a river approaches the ocean or another large body of water,

A

it slows, and then energy to transport sediment is greatly reduces

108
Q

most of the sediments either accumulate at the mouth of the river to form a ___, are reconfigured by wave action to form a variety of coastal features, or are moved far offshore

A

delta

109
Q

which are interconnected networks of streams, can exhibit a variety of patterns.

A

drainage systems

110
Q

the pattern that develops depends primarily on the kind of rock present and/or the structural pattern of joints, faults, and folds

A

drainage pattern

111
Q

types of drainage patterns

A
  1. dendritic pattern
  2. radial pattern
  3. rectangular pattern
  4. trellis pattern
112
Q

it is the most common drainage pattern

A

dendritic pattern

113
Q

it resembles the branching pattern of a deciduous tree

A

dendritic pattern

114
Q

treelike

A

dendritic

115
Q

when streams diverge from a central area like spokes from the hub of a wheel

A

radial pattern

116
Q

this pattern typically develops on isolated volcanic cones and domal uplifts

A

radial pattern

117
Q

this pattern develops when the bedrock is crisscrossed by a series of joints and/or faults

A

rectangular pattern

118
Q

is a rectangular drainage pattern in which tributary streams are nearly parallel to one another and have the appearance of a garden trellis

A

trellis pattern

119
Q

this pattern forms in areas underlain by alternating bands of resistant and less-resistant rock and is particularly well displayed in the folded Appalachian Mountains, where both weak and strong strata outcrop in nearly parallel belts

A

trellis pattern

120
Q

occur where a stream cuts across ridges of resistant rock

A

water gaps

121
Q

two types of streamflow

A
  1. laminar flow
  2. turbulent flow
122
Q

water moves in nearly straight-line paths parallel to the stream channel

A

laminar flow

123
Q

movement of water is characterized by irregular and fluctuating motions

A

turbulent flow

124
Q

factor affecting flow velocity

A
  1. channel slope or gradient
  2. channel cross-sectional shape
  3. channel size and roughness
  4. discharge
125
Q

the slope of a stream channel, expressed as the vertical drop of a stream over a specified distance

A

gradient

126
Q

when the gradient is steeper, more gravitational energy is available to drive channel flow

A

channel slope or gradient

127
Q

the most efficient channel is one whit the least wetted perimeter for its cross-sectional area

A

channel cross-sectional shape

128
Q

all other factors being equal, flow velocities are higher in large channels than in small channels

A

channel size and roughness

129
Q

elements such as boulders, irregularities in the channel bed, and woody debris create turbulence that significantly reduces flow velocity

A

channel size and roughness

130
Q

the size of a stream channel is largely determined by the amount of water supplied from the drainage basin

A

discharges

131
Q

used to compare the size of streams. usually measured in cubic meters per second or cubic feet per second

A

discharge

132
Q

streams cut channels into bedrock through three main processes:

A
  1. quarrying
  2. abrasion
  3. corrosion
133
Q

involves the removal of blocks from the bed of a stream channel

A

quarrying

134
Q

the process by which the bed and banks of a bedrock channel are ceaselessly bombarded by particles carried into the flow

A

abrasion

135
Q

a process in which rock is gradually dissolved by the flowing water

A

corrosion

136
Q

circular depressions which are created by the abrasive action of particles moving in fast-moving eddies

A

potholes

137
Q

streams transport their load of sediment in three ways:

A
  1. in solution (dissolved load)
  2. in suspension (suspended load)
  3. by sliding, skipping, or rolling along the bottom (bed load)
138
Q

occurs whenever a stream slows, causing a reduction in competence

A

deposition

139
Q

the maximum load of solid particles a stream can transport per unit time

A

capacity

140
Q

it is a measure of a stream’s ability to transport particles based on size rather than quantity

A

competence

141
Q

It refers to the speed at which water moves within a river.

A

Flow velocity

142
Q

Pertains to the speed at which sediment particles, once suspended in water, settle to the riverbed due to gravity.

A

Settling velocity

143
Q

consists of a channel and the surrounding terrain that directs water to the stream

A

Stream valley

144
Q

It includes the valley floor, which is the lower, flatter area that is partially or totally occupied by the stream channel, and the sloping valley walls that rise above the valley floor on both sides

A

Stream valley

145
Q

a flat or nearly flat land adjacent to a stream or river that experiences periodic flooding

A

floodplains

146
Q

are natural features of river systems and are formed by the deposition of sediment carried by the river during floods

A

floodplains

147
Q

is the bottom surface of a river channel, where the water flows

A

River Bed

148
Q

refers to the sides of the river channel, the area that contains the water within its boundaries

A

River Bank

149
Q

formed through erosional processes, typically in mountainous or upland areas where rivers cut down through resistant rock layers

A

V-shaped Valleys

150
Q

have steep sides and a narrow channel at the bottom, often found in regions with active tectonics or glaciation

A

V-shaped Valleys

151
Q

these valleys are also commonly found in mountainous regions, particularly those affected by glaciation

A

U-shaped Valleys

152
Q

are wider and more gently sloping than V-shaped valleys, with a characteristic U-shaped cross-section resulting from the erosive action of glaciers

A

U-shaped Valleys

153
Q

are found underwater and are formed by processes such as erosion by submarine currents or the collapse of underwater slopes

A

Submarine Valleys

154
Q

is a natural phenomenon where a river or stream flows over a vertical drop or a series of steep steps in its course

A

Waterfalls

155
Q

are formed through erosional processes as water erodes the underlying rock layers, typically resulting in the creation of cascades, plunges, or horsetails.

A

Waterfalls

156
Q

characterized by water flowing over a series of rock steps or ledges, creating a stepped or tiered appearance

A

Cascade

157
Q

a vertical drop where water falls freely without making contact with the underlying rock surface

A

Plunges

158
Q

water maintaining contact with the underlying rock surface as it cascades down, creating a broad, fan-like shape

A

Horsetail

159
Q

are often formed in areas where a river encounters a sudden change in elevation, such as a cliff or a resistant rock layer

A

Waterfalls

160
Q

is the world’s tallest waterfall, with a total height of 979 meters (3,212 feet).
can be found in Venezuela

A

Angel Falls

161
Q

is the highest waterfalls in the Philippines with more than 130 cascading waterfalls and a stair-like boulder formation.
Cateel, Davao Oriental, Mindanao

A

Aliwagwag Falls

162
Q

are part of the natural behavior of a stream and occur when the flow of a stream becomes so great that it exceeds the capacity channel and overflows its banks

A

floods

163
Q

refer to floods that occur over a larger geographical area, such as a region or multiple regions, rather than being confined to a single river basin or locality.

A

Regional Floods

164
Q

These floods are typically triggered by significant weather events, such as heavy rainfall, snowmelt, tropical storms, or hurricanes, which affect a broad area.

A

Regional Floods

165
Q

a rapid and intense flooding event that occurs within a short period, typically within six hours of heavy rainfall, a dam or levee failure, or sudden snowmelt

A

flash floods

166
Q

They are characterized by a swift rise in water levels, powerful currents, and the potential to cause significant damage to infrastructure and endanger lives

A

flash floods

167
Q

occur when a dam, which is a barrier constructed to hold back water and create a reservoir, fails to contain the water it’s designed to control

A

dam-failure floods

168
Q

are earthen mounds built on river banks to increase the volume of water the channel can hold

A

artificial levees

169
Q

are embankments or barriers built along riverbanks or coastlines to prevent flooding by confining water within a certain area

A

levees

170
Q

This may simply involve clearing a channel of obstructions or dredging a channel to make it wider and deeper

A

channelization

171
Q

Involves the physical breakdown (disintegration) and chemical alteration (decomposition) of rock at or near Earth’s surface

A

Weathering

172
Q

basic part of the rock cycle and thus a key process in the Earth’s system

A

Weathering

173
Q

accomplished by physical forces that break rock into smaller and smaller pieces without changing that rock’s mineral composition

A

Mechanical Weathering

174
Q

Involves the complex processes that alter the internal structures of minerals by removing and/or adding elements

A

Chemical Weathering

175
Q

most important agents of chemical weathering

A

water

176
Q

key process in the formation of soil

A

weathering

177
Q

one of our most indispensable resources

A

soil

178
Q

layer of rock and mineral fragments produced by weathering

A

regolith

179
Q

combination of mineral and organic matter, water, and air – the portion of the regolith that supports the growth of plants

A

soil

180
Q

one-half of the total volume of good-quality surface soil:

A

Mixture of disintegrated and decomposed rock (mineral matter)
Humus, the decayed remains of animal and plant life (organic matter)

181
Q

the decayed remains of animal and plant life (organic matter)

A

humus

182
Q

These vertical differences, which usually become more pronounced as time passes divide the soil into zones or layers

A

horizons

183
Q

vertical section through all of the soil horizons constitutes the _____

A

soil profile

184
Q

The Impact of Human Activities on Soil

A

Clearing the Tropical Rain Forest: A Case Study of Human Impact on Soil
Clearing the Tropical Rain Forest: A Case Study of Human Impact on Soil
Controlling Soil Erosion

185
Q

an important factor in soil erosion

A

Steepness of slope

186
Q

Implies a sudden event in which large quantities of rock and soil plunge down steep slopes

A

landslides

187
Q

spectacular examples of a basic geologic process

A

landslides

188
Q

refers to the downslope movement of rock, regolith, and soil under the direct influence of gravity

A

Mass movement

189
Q

Controls and Triggers of Mass Movements

A
  1. The role of water
  2. Oversteepened slopes
  3. Removal of vegetation
  4. Earthquakes as triggers
190
Q

Installing rock bolts to reinforce unstable rock masses

A

rock bolting

191
Q

specifically for stabilizing soil slopes, involving installing steel bars (nails) into the slope

A

Soil Nailing

Midterms (7 decks)

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