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HRE terms Flashcards

1
Q

The cross section of a typical highway has latitude of variables to consider such as:

A
  1. The volume of traffic.
  2. Character of the traffic.
  3. Speed of the traffic.
  4. Characteristics of motor vehicles and of the driver
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2
Q

A cross section design generally offers the expected level of service for safety and a recent study showed that:

A
  1. A 7.20 meters wide pavement has l8% less accident compared with pavement narrower than 5.50 m. wide.
  2. A 7.20 meters wide pavement has 4% fewer accidents than the 6.00 meters wide roadway.
  3. Accident records showed no difference between the 6.60 meters and the 7.20 meters wide pavement.
  4. For the 6.00 m., 6.60 m. and,7.20 meters wide pavement with 2.70 to 3.00 m. wide shoulder, recorded accident decreases by
    30% compared to 0 to .60 m. wide shoulder. And 20% compared with a .90 to 1.20 meters wide shoulder.
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3
Q

is needed in estimating the amount of cut or fill needed for a given strip of roadway.

A

Cross-sectional data

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4
Q

distance at which a driver of a vehicle can see an object of specified height on ht e road ahead, assuming adequate sight and visual acuity and clear atmospheric conditions.

A

sight distance

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5
Q

types of sight distances

A
  1. Stopping or absoulte minimum sight distance (SSD)
  2. safe overtaking (OSD) or passing sight distance (PSD)
  3. Safe sight distance for entering an intersection, Intersection Sight Distance
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6
Q

Minimum sight distance available on a highway at any spot should be of sufficient length to stop a vehicle traveling at design speed, safely without collision with any other obstruction.

It depends on
a. Feature of road ahead
b. Height of driver’s eye above the road surface (1.2m)
c. Height of the object above the road surface (0.15m)

Criteria for measurement
a. Height of driver’s eye above road surface (H)
b. Height of object above road surface (h)

A

Stopping or absolute minimum sight distance (SSD)

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7
Q

Factors affecting SSD

A
  • Total reaction time of driver
  • Speed of vehicle
  • Efficiency of brakes
  • Frictional resistance between road and tire
  • Gradient of road
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8
Q

It is the time taken from the instant the object is visible to the driver to the instant the brake is effectively applied.

A

total reaction time of driver

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9
Q

It is the time from the instant the object comes on the line of sight of the driver to the instant he realizes that the vehicle needs to be stopped.

A

perception time

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10
Q

The brake reaction also depends on several
factor including the skill of the driver, the type of the problems and various other environment factor. Total reaction time of driver can be calculated by “PIEV” theory.

A

brake reaction time

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11
Q

PIEV theory

A

P - perception
I - intellection
E - emotion
V - volition

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12
Q

is the sum of lag distance and the braking distance

A

SSD

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13
Q

The distance the vehicle travelled during the reaction time

A

lag distance

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14
Q

Distance travelled by the vehicle after the application of brake.

A

breaking distance

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15
Q

The minimum distance open to the vision of the driver of a vehicle intending to overtake slow vehicle ahead with safety against the traffic of opposite direction

A

minimum overtaking sight distance (OSD)
or the safe passing sight distance

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16
Q

analysis of SSD

A

lag distance
breaking distance

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17
Q

Clear sight triangle must be free of sight obstructions such as

A
  • buildings
  • parked or turning vehicles
  • trees
  • hedges
  • fences
  • retaining walls
  • actual ground line.
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18
Q

in 1824, he carried out the pioneering work developing steam energy

A

Nicolas Carnot

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19
Q

in 1804, he designed and constructed a steam locomotive

A

Richard Trevithick

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20
Q

in 1814, he produced the first steam locomotive used for traction in railways

A

George Stephenson

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21
Q

in 1825, Recorded first public railway in the world was opened to public, between

A

Stockholm and Darlington

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22
Q

in 1833, First railway line in USA between

A

Mohawk and Hudson

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23
Q

in 1835, First railway in Germany was opened

A

from Nuremberg to Furth

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24
Q

in 1875, he promulgated a Royal Decree directing the Office of the Inspector of Public Works of the Philippines to submit a general plan for railroads on Luzon

A

King Alfonso XII of Spain

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25
Q

What was the plan King Alfonso XII proposed?

A

Memoria Sobre el Plan General de Ferrocarriles en la Isla de Luzón.

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26
Q

When was the first tracks laid?

A

1891

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27
Q

1892 –Openned for commercial use, from

A

Ferrocarril de Manila to Dagupan

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28
Q

how may were operational after the war.

A

only 452 km

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29
Q

In 2021, how many route kilometers remain operational?

A

only 129 km

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30
Q

Ongoing rail projects

A
  • LRT 1 cavite extension
  • LRT 2 east extension
  • MRT 7
  • Metro Manila Subway Projects
  • North South Commuter Rail Project
  • Mindanao Railway System
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31
Q

it is expected to reduce the travel time between Baclaran and Bacoor to around 20 minutes from the usual one hour.

A

LRT 1 cavite extension

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32
Q

to add new stations: Marikina-Pasig and Antipolo

A

LRT 2 East Extension

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33
Q

elevated railway from North Ave. to SJDM, Bulacan. Expected to serve 350,000 daily commuters.

A

MRT 7

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34
Q

expected to serve 370,000 daily passengers.

A

Metro Manila Subway Project

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35
Q

Clark-Calamba Railway, expected to be full operational by 2025

A

North South Commuter Rail Project

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36
Q

–Phase 1 construction expected to begin Q4 in 2021

A

Mindanao Railway System

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37
Q

The gradients of railways tracks are ____________, and curves are _______

A
  • flatter (normally not more than 1 in 100)
  • limited up to only 10° on broad gauge.
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38
Q

are constructed normally with steeper gradients of up to 1 in 30 and relatively much sharper curves.

A

Roads

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39
Q

are best suited for carrying heavy goods and large numbers of passengers overlong distances.

A

railways

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40
Q

is best suited for carrying lighter goods and smaller numbers of passengers over shorter distances.

A

road transport

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41
Q

are the members of the track laid in two parallel lines to provide an unchanging, continuous, and level surface for the movement of trains.

A

rails

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42
Q

Functions of Rail

A
  1. Rails are similar to steel girders. These are provided to perform the following functions in a track.
  2. Rails provide a continuous and level surface for the movement of trains.
  3. Rails provide a pathway which is smooth and has very little friction.
  4. Rails serve as a lateral guide for the wheels.
  5. Rails bear the stresses developed due to vertical loads transmitted to them through axles and wheels of rolling stock as well as due to braking and thermal forces.
  6. Rails carry out the function of transmitting the load to a large area of the formation through sleepers and the ballast.
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43
Q

is defined as the minimum distance between two rails.

A

gauge

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44
Q

is measured as the clear minimum distance
between the running faces of the two rails

A

rail gauge

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45
Q

are the transverse ties that are laid to support the rails.

A

sleepers

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46
Q

They have an important role in the track as they transmit the wheel load from the rails to the ballast.

A

sleepers

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47
Q

Functions of Sleepers

A
  1. Holding the rails in their correct gauge and alignment
  2. Giving a firm and even support to the rails
  3. Transferring the load evenly from the rails to a wider area of the ballast
  4. Acting as an elastic medium between the rails and the ballast to absorb the blows and vibrations caused by moving loads
  5. Providing longitudinal and lateral stability to the permanent way
  6. Providing the means to rectify the track geometry during their service life.
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48
Q

is the number of sleepers per rail length.

A

sleeper density

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49
Q

-It normally used as the initial ballast in new constructions and as sub-ballast.

A

moorum ballast

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50
Q

– used primarily for cast iron rails.

A

coarse and ballast

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51
Q

normally used in yards as initial ballast in new constructions since it is very cheap

A

coal ash cinder

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52
Q

made from hard stones, normally used for high- speed tracks.

A

broken stone ballast

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53
Q

functions of ballast

A
  1. Provides a level and hard bed for the sleepers to rest on.
  2. Holds the sleepers in position during the passage of trains.
  3. Transfers and distributes load from the sleepers to a large area of the formation.
  4. Provides elasticity and resilience to the track for proper riding comfort.
  5. Provides the necessary resistance to the track for longitudinal and lateral stability.
  6. Provides effective drainage to the track.
  7. Provides an effective means of maintaining the level and alignment of the track.
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54
Q

Fish plates, combination fish plates, bolts, and nuts

A

for joining rail to rail

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55
Q

Cast-iron bearing screws, plate screws, pandrol clifts, rubber pads

A

for joining rails to sleepers

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56
Q

Track fittings and fastenings

A
  • for joining rail to rail
  • for joining rails to sleepers
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57
Q

Track components

A
  • ballast
  • sleepers
  • rails
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58
Q

are foundational structures and systems for transporting people and goods.

A

transportation infrastructures

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59
Q

Common Types of Transportation
Infrastructures

A

➢ Roads
➢ Railways
➢ Bridges and Tunnels
➢ Ship Canals
➢ Ports
➢ Airports Runways

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60
Q

Roads Failure Causes

A

➢ Rutting due to high variation in ambient temperature
➢ Uncontrolled heavy axle loads
➢ Inadequate Stability
➢ Loss of binding action
➢ Poor Design and Fabrication
➢ Congestion
➢ Environmental Hazard (Flood, Earthquake etc.)
➢ Accidents
➢ Poor Maintenance

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61
Q

four major types of pavement failure

A
  1. cracking
  2. Surface deforming
  3. disintegration
  4. surface defects
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62
Q

Cracking

A

➢ Fatigue Cracking
➢ Longitudinal Cracking
➢ Transverse Cracking
➢ Block Cracking
➢ Slippage Cracking
➢ Reflective Cracking
➢ Edge Cracking

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63
Q

Surface Deformation

A

➢ Rutting
➢ Corrugations
➢ Shoving
➢ Depressions
➢ Swell

64
Q

Disintegration

A

➢ Pot Holes
➢ Patches

65
Q

Surface Defects

A

➢ Ravelling
➢ Bleeding
➢ Polishing
➢ Delamination

66
Q

Types of Road Maintenance

A
  1. Surface maintenance
  2. Roadside and drainage maintenance
  3. Shoulder and approaches maintenance
  4. Snow and ice control
  5. Traffic service
67
Q

Includes restoring or betterment of roadway such as resurfacing.

A

rehabilitation

68
Q

Including painting pavement markings, removing snow ice and litter

A

traffic service activities

69
Q

Activities such as sealing, patching, filling joints etc.

A

physical maintenance

70
Q

Railways Failure Causes

A

➢ Impact of moving loads
➢ Effect of acceleration and deceleration
➢ Constant reversal of stresses
➢ Defects in manufacture
➢ Braking of wheels
➢ Fatigue caused by shearing stresses
➢ Effect of weather and Temperature
➢ Maintenance of rail joints
➢ Axle load of locomotive
➢ Design of rail joints
➢ Frequency of rail renewal
➢ Corrosion
➢ Poor Maintenance

71
Q

Type of Railway Failures

A
  1. Crushed Head
  2. Transverse and Compound Fissure
  3. Split Head
  4. Horizontal Fissure
  5. Square of Angular Breaks
  6. Rail Misalignment
72
Q

Railway Maintenance and Rehabilitation Includes

A
  1. Ballast Checking
  2. Lubricating Places such as curves on the side
    of the head of the rails
  3. Tightening of joints and Fittings
  4. Use of special alloy rails where wear is more
  5. Renewal of Rails
73
Q

is a structure to cross an open space or gap.

A

bridges

74
Q

are mostly made for crossing rivers, valleys, or roads.

A

bridges

75
Q

is an underground passageway, dug through the surrounding soil/earth/rock and enclosed except for entrance and exit, commonly at each end.

A

tunnel

76
Q

Bridge and tunnels failure causes

A

➢ High variation in ambient temperature
➢Uncontrolled heavy axle loads.
➢ Inadequate Stability
➢ Effect of seawater/water especially to the bridge columns
➢Inadequate ground Investigation
➢ Poor Design and Fabrication
➢ Congestion of Vehicles
➢ Environmental Hazard ( Flood, Earthquake, Tsunami etc.)
➢ Accidents (Car crash, Boat Crash, Train Crash etc.)
➢ Inadequate Support method of excavation

77
Q

Type of Bridge and Tunnel Failures

A
  1. steel materials
  2. Concrete material
  3. expansion joint
  4. drainpipe
78
Q

expansion joint

A

✓ Abnormal Spacing
✓ Difference in Level
✓ Rupture
✓ Drainage Blocked

79
Q

concrete material

A

✓ Collapse
✓ Spalling
✓ Wear/Abrasion
✓ Material Deterioration
✓ Surface Defect
✓ Delamination
✓ Water Leak at Deck

80
Q

steel materials

A

✓ Corrosion of Steel
✓ Paint Deterioration
✓ Loose Connections

81
Q

bridge and tunnel maintenance and rehabilitation includes

A

❖ Exposed steel work must be cleaned and repainted
❖ Cleaning and resealing of Deck joint
❖ Damage to guard rail, must be repaired and strengthened
❖ Resurfacing of deck
❖ Scour around and under piers and abutments should be removed
❖ Sealing, patching, filling joints and such.
❖ Checking of steel cables for corrosion.
❖ Checking of supports

82
Q

is a maritime facility which may comprise one or more wharves where ships may dock to load and discharge passengers and cargo.

A

port

83
Q

is a canal especially intended to
accommodate ships used on the oceans, seas or lakes to which it is connected, as opposed to a barge canal intended to carry barges and other vessels specifically designed for river and/or canal navigation.

A

ship canal

84
Q

Ports and Ship Canal Failure Causes

A

➢ Poor Design and Fabrication
➢ High variation in ambient temperature
➢ Effect of seawater to the construction materials
➢ Severe Corrosion
➢ Congestion of Ships
➢ Environmental Hazard (Flood, Earthquake, Tsunami etc.)
➢ Accidents (Boat Crash)
➢ Poor Maintenance

85
Q

types of ports and ship canal failures

A
  1. material deterioration
  2. damage of components
  3. scouring
  4. sedimentation
  5. collapsing of wharf or settlement of foundation
86
Q

Ports and Ship Canal Maintenance and Rehabilitation includes

A

➢ Steel repair and painting
➢ Implementation of coatings for corrosion protection
➢ Epoxy injection into small Cracks on deck and supported beams
➢ Removal of plastered concrete and cleaning of surface
➢ Subject rebars replacement and re-concreting of damage section
➢ Placement of anti scouring devices.

87
Q

Airport runways failure causes

A

➢ Poor Design and Fabrication
➢ High variation in ambient temperature
➢ Poor Maintenance
➢ Degradation
➢ Congestion of Aircrafts
➢ Environmental Hazard (Flood, Earthquake, Tsunami, Bird Strikes etc.)
➢ Accidents

88
Q

types of Airport Runways Failures

A
  1. cracking
  2. surface deformation
  3. disintegration
  4. surface defects
  5. rubber deposits
89
Q

means any work carried out to keep airports runways excellent condition, keep their operations running smoothly and meet the high safety standards

A

airport maintenance

90
Q

Maintenance of Unpaved Areas

A

➢ Maintenance of green areas within strips
➢ Maintenance of grass on unpaved runways and taxiways
➢ Maintenance of green areas outside strips
➢ Treatment of cut grass

91
Q

Maintenance of Visual Aids

A

➢ Airport Light maintenance
➢ Basic maintenance programme for approach, runway and
taxi way lighting systems
➢ Special types of lights
➢ Cleaning procedures for lights
➢ Light measurement
➢ Lamp replacement

92
Q

signs

A

➢ Markings

93
Q

Maintenance of Airport Electrical Systems

A

➢ Power cables and distributors in field
➢ Transformers and regulators (including standby units)
➢ Transformer stations for electric power supply
➢ Relay and switch cabinets (including switch cabinets in
sub-stations)
➢ Control cables, monitoring units, control desk
➢ Secondary power supplies (generators)
➢ Fixed 400 Hz ground power supplies
➢ Apron floodlighting

94
Q

Maintenance of Pavements

A

➢ Surface repair
➢ Repair of cracks
➢ Portland cement concrete pavements
➢ Bituminous pavements
➢ Repair of joints and cracks
➢ Joints in concrete pavements
➢ Concrete joint maintenance
➢ Joints in bituminous pavements
➢ Repair of pavement edge damage
➢ Edge repair
➢ Corner repair
➢ Repair of other pavement
surface deficiencies

95
Q

Airport Runways Maintenance and Rehabilitation Includes

A
  1. Maintenance of Visual Aids
  2. Signs
  3. Maintenance of airport electrical systems
  4. maintenance of pavements
  5. sweeping
  6. removal of snow and ice
  7. drainage
  8. Maintenance of unpaved areas
96
Q

Sweeping

A

➢ Purpose of sweeping
➢ Surface monitoring
➢ Cleaning of surfaces
➢ Purpose of cleaning pavements
➢ Removal of rubber deposits
➢ Fuel and oil removal

97
Q

Removal of snow and ice

A

➢ Procedures for snow removal
➢ Surface de-icing
➢ Surface anti-icing

98
Q

drainage

A

➢ Cleaning of slot drains
➢ Drain pipes or culverts between surfaces and collector basins
➢ Oil and fuel separators
➢ Water hydrants

99
Q

provides basis in measuring the operating performance of the highway

A

traffic analysis

100
Q

Various dimensions used in traffic analysis

A
  • Number of vehicle per unit time (traffic volume)
  • Vehicle types and speeds
  • Variation in traffic volumes over time (e.g., Peak Hour)
101
Q

Other dimensions that influenced
traffic operations

A
  • Traffic control device (i.e., traffic
    signals, signs and markings)
  • Types of pavement and geometric
    design
  • Selection of the number of lanes
102
Q

Most used numerical dimensions of traffic flow

A
  • Speed (km/hr)
  • Flow/flowrate/volume (veh/hr)
  • Density (veh/km)
103
Q

is defined as the number of vehicles passing a point during a specified period of time.

A

flow rate

104
Q

is defined as rate of motion in distance per unit time.

A

speed

105
Q

two types of speed

A
  • time mean speed
  • space mean speed
106
Q

is simply the arithmetic mean of the speeds of vehicles passing a point within a given interval of time.

A

Time Mean Speed / Spot Speed

107
Q

is used to describe the rate of movement of a traffic stream within a given section of road. It is the speed based on the average travel time of vehicles in the stream within the section.

A

Space Mean Speed / Harmonic Mean Speed

108
Q

is defined as the number of vehicles in a given length of road at an instant point in time.

A

density

109
Q

is defined as the time interval between passage of consecutive vehicles at a specified point on the road with a unit of time per vehicles.

A

time headway

110
Q

is the distance between two vehicles measure from the front bumper of a vehicle to that of another.

A

spacing

111
Q

It can only be measure, however, if a detector is installed at a specific point on the carriageway. It is defined as the total time of a detector is occupied divided by the total time of observation.

A

time occupancy

112
Q

is the most difficult variable to measure. It can be obtained indirectly using this relation.

A

density

113
Q

three most importanat traffic variables

A

flowrate
space mean speed
density

114
Q

a model that accounts for the non-uniformity of flow by assuming that the pattern of arrivals corresponds to some random process

A

poisson distribution

115
Q

limitation poisson distribution model

A
  • only applicable for lightly congested traffic conditions
  • not appropriate for heavy traffic conditions particularly in urban areas where traffic signals cause cyclical stream distrubances
116
Q

are conducted to establish a complete understanding of the travel patterns within the study area.

A

travel surveys

117
Q

asks questions about each trip that is made on a specific day—such as where the trip begins and ends, the purpose of the trip, the time of day, and the vehicle involved (auto or transit)—and about the person making the trip—age,
sex, income, vehicle owner, and so on.

A

origin destination survey or O-D survey

118
Q

used to determine the demand for and the supply of parking facilities in an area, the projection of the demand, and the views of various interest groups on how best to solve the problem.

A

parking studies

119
Q

types of parking facilities

A

on-street parking facilities
off-street parking facilities

120
Q

spaces along the side of public roads or streets

A

on-street parking facilities

121
Q

These are also known as curb facilities.

A

on-street parking facilities

122
Q

are provided alongside the curb on one or both sides of the street.

A

parking bays

123
Q

These facilities may be privately or publicly owned; they include surface lots and garages.

A

off-street facilities

124
Q

require that drivers park their own automobiles;

A

self-parking garages

125
Q

maintain personnel to park the automobiles

A

attendant-parking garages

126
Q

is a unit of parking that defines the use of a single parking space for a period of 1 hour.

A

space-hour

127
Q

is the total number of vehicles that park in a study area during a specific length of time, usually a day.

A

parking volume

128
Q

is the number of parked vehicles in a study area at any specified time. These data can be plotted as a curve of parking accumulation against time, which shows the variation of the parking accumulation during the day.

A

parking accumulation

129
Q

is the area under the accumulation curve between two specific times. It is usually given as the number of space-hours used during the specified period of time.

A

parking load

130
Q

is the length of time a vehicle is parked at a parking bay.

A

parking duration

131
Q

is the rate of use of a parking space. It is obtained by dividing the parking volume for a specified period by the number of parking spaces.

A

parking turnover

132
Q

comprehensive parking study usually involves

A

(1) inventory of existing parking facilities
(2) collection of data on parking accumulation, parking turnover and parking duration
(3) identification of parking generators
(4) collection of information on parking demand.

133
Q

is a detailed listing of the location and all other relevant characteristics of each legal parking facility, private and public, in the study area.

A

inventory of existing parking facilities

134
Q

collection of parking data

A
  1. accumulation
  2. turnover and duration
135
Q

are obtained by checking the amount of parking during regular intervals on different days of the week. The checks are usually carried out on an hourly or 2-hour basis between 6:00 a.m. and 12 midnight.

A

accumulation data

136
Q

This is done by recording the license plate of the vehicle parked on each parking space in the sample at the ends of fixed intervals during the study period.

A

turnover and duration

137
Q

is used to correct for time lost in each turnover. It is determined on the basis of the best performance a parking facility is expected to produce.

A

effiiciency factor, f

138
Q

Efficiency factors for curb parking, during
highest demand, vary from _____; for surface lots and garages, from _______

A

78 percent to 96 percent
75 percent to 92 percent.

139
Q

Average values of f are ______ for curb parking, _______ for garages, and _______ for surface lots.

A

90 percent
80 percent
85 percent

140
Q

may be categorized according to shape, type of structure, and type of operation.

A

intersections

141
Q

This refers to the configuration of the intersection and would depend largely on the number of legs.

A

shape

142
Q

Most of the intersections are either designed as _____________ such as flyovers or interchanges.

A

at-grade intersection or grade separation

143
Q

type of structure

A

at-grade intersection
grade separation

144
Q

type of operation

A

unchannelized
channelized
unsignalized
signalized

145
Q

maximum number of legs

A

4

146
Q

an angle of ___ must be considered as the minimum

A

60 degrees

147
Q

turning geometry

A

direct
indirect
semidirect
trumpet
cloverleaf

148
Q

design elements of an intersection approach

A
  1. left run storage bay
  2. through lanes
  3. exclusive right turn lane
  4. corner lane
  5. turning roadway
  6. median
  7. nose treatment
149
Q

types of conflict

A

diverging
merging
crossing

150
Q

(three leg)

A

diverging - 3
merging - 3
crossing - 3

151
Q

(four leg)

A

diverging - 8
merging - 8
crossing - 16

152
Q

methods of control of intersections

A

unsignalized
signalized
grade separation

153
Q

grade separation or interchanges

A

trumpet
diamond
double trumpet
cloverleaf

154
Q

used to describe the minimum gaps needed by drivers of minor road vehicles.

A

critical gap

155
Q

is a layer of broken stones, gravel, or any other granular material placed and packed below and around sleepers for distributing load from the sleepers to the formation.

A

ballast

Terminologies (10 decks)

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