Finals for BSD Flashcards
Topic/s: Building Envelope
demand for buildings that need to consider
energy cost
climate change
buildings account for __ of the national energy consumption
36%
__ - __ of a buildings energy consumption is due to _______
53% - 70%, cooling
why go green?
significant co-benefits including cost-savings will be created
failure to build green will lock countries into high carbon economy and poor performing buildings
contribute to achieve Philippine target
provides a window of opportunity to prevent being locked in a high carbon economy
green building
The state has adopted the ________ which espouses _______ to fulfill human needs while maintaining the quality of the natural environment for current and future generations
Philippine Agenda 21 framework, sustainable development
An act mainstreaming climate change into government policy formulations, establishing the framework strategy and program on climate change, creating for this purpose the climate change commission, and for other purposes
Section 2 RA 9729
practice of increasing efficiency with which buildings use resources such as energy, water and materials while also reducing the buildings’ impact on human health and the environment
green buildings
referral code of the NBC; mandatory
signed in june 2015
effective january 2016
philippine green building code
philippine green building code was signed and effective on what year
june 2015
january 2016
green building code development
building trends & baselines
market analysis
sensitivity analysis
green buildings recommendations
physical barrier between the exterior and interior environments enclosing a structure
building envelope
comprised of a series of components and systems that protect the interior space from the effects of the environment like precipitation, wind, temperature, humidity and ultraviolet radiation
building envelope
the building envelope is comprised of a series of components and systems that protect the interior space from the effects of the environment like _______,______, ______, _____ and ________
precipitation, wind, temperature, humidity and ultraviolet radiation
examples of building envelope
windows and doors
foundations
roof
walls
comprised of the occupants, furnishings, buildings materials, lighting, machinery, equipment, and the HVAC (heating, ventilation and air conditioning) system
internal environment
HVAC
heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
one of the best ways to get better energy efficiency
improving the building envelope of houses
to control the exhange of water, air, condensation and heat between the interior and exterior of the building
control
to ensure strength and rigidity; providing structural support against internal and external loads and forces
support
3 categories of building envelope
support
control
finish
this is for aesthetic purposes. to make the building look attractive while still performing support and control functions
finish
allows more of a natural air transfer to occur, which improves indoor air quality which can remove the need for mechanical ventilation
loose building envelope
building envelopes are often characterized as either “____” or “_____”
tight, loose
allows for a high level of control over indoor air quality, temperature, humidity levels, and energy consumption
tight building envelope
these types of building envelope make the building more drafty and uncomfortable, it also makes the building harder to regulate temperature levels. this creates higher chance of mold or mildew, and higher quantities of heated or cooled air are able to escape through leaks in the loose building envelope. this will increase energy bills along with negatively impacting the environment by releasing more greenhouse gases
loose building envelope
this requires more insulation, caulk, adhesive tape, sealants, and energy-efficient windows to acquire a tight shell for the building. this leads to fewer drafts and a more comfortable building for its occupants, which often results in less waste in heating and cooling costs.
tight building envelope
the downside of this, it requires more extensive mechanical ventilation systems because it limits how much natural ventilation can occur
tight building envelope
reducing air infiltration and exfiltration
air tightness and moisture protection
it also have a lower chance of producing mold or mildew from moisture infiltration, this can help prolong the life of the building components.
tight building envelope
energy efficiency of building envelope
air tightness and moisture protection
window-to-wall ratio (WWR)
natural ventilation
building envelope color
roof insulation
preventing outside air moisture infiltration
air tightness and moisture protection
solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) and WWR
window-to-wall ratio (WWR)
windows without sunbreakers or overhags
window-to-wall ratio (WWR)
unwanted air infiltration and humidity ingress into the spaces can cause additional load on the air conditioning system and a detrimental impact on air quality
air tightness and moisture protection
windows with sunbreakers
window-to-wall ratio (WWR)
use of operable windows
natural ventilation
high solar reflectance of building envelope surface
building envelope color
reduction of heat transfer through the …
roof insulation
building must be planned, designed, specified and constructed with enough detail and quality to ensure air tightness is maximized
air tightness and moisture protection
building’s physical efficiency might be evaluated by assessing parameters such as:
heat loss
energy use
water use
water tightness
structural performance
fire performance
it can also measure whether the resources necessary to design and construct a building have been used effectively.
building’s performance or efficiency
vapor barrier prevents the entry of moisture through the walls.
air tightness and moisture protection
(are the materials environmentally friendly? How much energy is used to heat/cool the building? How well does the building fabric retain heat (linked to insulation levels and glazing performance)? Is the building water efficient (does it include gray-water recycling)?
sustainability
is a measure of how well it functions in relation to designated criteria such as physical, social or environmental considerations
building’s performance or efficiency
can air temperatures, humidity and ventilation achieve a healthy environment?
comfort
is there a negative or positive impact on habitats?
ecology
evaluating building performance
sustainability
comfort
ecology
acoustics
running costs
water tightness
layout
occupant satisfaction
accessibility
society
how much does it cost to run the building?
running costs
does noise generated by activities in the building adversely affect neighboring
buildings or spaces and vice versa?
acoustics
are roofs and openings capable of keeping out rain and other sources of
moisture?
water tightness
does the building optimize privacy, sunlight, views, occupant circulation and so on?
layout
are the occupants satisfied with the overall resolution of the design?
occupant satisfaction
is the building easy to use by people with disabilities? Is it safe and secure?
accessibility
does the building integrate with and contribute to the local community?
society
the way some buildings perform when completed may not live up to the designers’ intentions. the difference between anticipated and actual performance may be significant and to the detriment of the occupiers, owners and environment.
performance gap
if significant may result in aspects of the construction having to be redone and can lead to legal proceedings.
performance gap
one of the principal aspects considered in the architecture.
aesthetics of a buildings
the appeal of a building covers the combine effects of a building’s
shape
size
texture
color
balance
unity
movement
emphasis
contrast
symmetry
proportion
space
alignment
pattern
decoration
culture
context
a building should be designed in order to satisfy requirements regarding:
safety
serviceability
durability
aesthetics
diverse processes that affect the aesthetical performance of building elements through their service lives:
weathering
decay
waterlogging
predominantly related to the superficial level deterioration and its intensity depends on micro-climatic conditions
weathering
biotic degradation process affecting both a material’s functionality and aesthetics.
decay
slow deterioration process in anaerobic conditions due to the activity of bacteria
waterlogging
resistance to degradation of products, materials, buildings and other built assessts over time
durability
a building will be subjected not only daily wear and tear from users but also to the ______ - in particular ___, ___, ____ and ___ - forces collectively referred to as ____
constant influence of climate
rain, frost, sun, heat
weathering
weathering forces can also result in a ____ - usually a ________
change of appearance
change for the worse
(building envelope systems fail)
those failures can include:
aesthetic loss
corrosion
poor indoor air quality
energy inefficiencies
life-threatening structural failure
litigation
Why do building envelope systems fail?
design deficiencies
material failure
poor workmanship
acts of nature
Architects occasionally specify materials or
design systems that are inappropriate for their intended use. Common mistakes include specifying materials that are incompatible with
materials with which they come into contact or have inadequate performance criteria for thermal movement, structural capacity, or water penetration resistance.
design deficiencies
Issues also arise when subcontractors try to reduce the weight, size, or amount of building envelope components (aluminum, glass,
sealants, flashing, etc.) required on a project. This can lead to inadequate performance or capacity of the materials specified.
design deficiencies
Common examples of material failure
degrading sealant adhesion
laminated glass delamination
metal fatigue.
It’s also common for properly specified materials to fail to meet the published performance levels. This could be a result
of errors in the manufacturing, handling, or storing of the product or components within the product.
material failure
during construction booms, the problem of this is exasperated as a result of having many inexperienced, unsupervised, and untrained personnel working on projects. it is common to find building envelope components not installed per the manufacturing specifications
poor workmanship
putting the right people in the right job goes a long way toward proper installation and overall profitability
even with flawless installations, bad things can happen to good work when environmental conditions exceed those that were anticipated during design
acts of nature
the effects of this can overload a properly designed and constructed building envelope, causing damage to the system and making it vulnerable to further deterioration or failure
hurricane-force wind loads
driving rain
extreme temperature fluctuations
While failures of this type cannot be stopped, many can be prevented through ___ to identify small problems before they become big ones.
routine inspection and maintenance
refers to all the physical substances that are assembled to create the interior and exterior of a building
materials
contains materials that keep the rain and wind out, thermally insulate the inhabitants from exterior temperatures, structurally support the building and the associated enclosure system, and provide desired interior and exterior finishes.
exterior wall assembly
These decisions should be based on a number
of carefully considered issues
symbolism, appropriateness, physical properties, and technique.
Particular materials carry specific connotations within cultures and regions.
symbolism
Terms such as natural or artificial, eternal or ephemeral, austere or opulent, describe a few such associations
symbolism
There are three primary areas that must be evaluated in selecting appropriate materials and assemblies
Material compatibility with climatic, cultural, and aesthetic conditions
Applicability of material to occupancy and size of building including durability, structural, and fire protection requirements
environmental impact of obtaining raw materials, processing and fabricating buildings materials, transportation impact, and recycling issues
one of the most important factors to consider in material and assembly selection.
climate
it also must be compatible with specific regional and local cultural and aesthetic conditions.
materials
often legally limited by the building type or size, in order to protect public health, safety, and welfare.
material choices
it must be taken into account in the material selection process.
number of physical properties
quantifies resistance to compression, tension, and other types of loading on a given material
material strength
Physical properties
strength
mass and thickness
physical and visual density
texture
color
temperature
pattern
after an _______ is made, the _________ of each material must be based on requirements for durability, strength, and aesthetic considerations.
initial material selection
dimensional thickness
often a particular tactile density is desired, ranging from heaviness to lightness in degrees of ________
opacity, translucency, or transparency
types of concrete finishes
troweled finish
broom finish
stamped concretefinish
salt finish
exposed aggregate finish
swirl finish
polished finish
colored finish
other finishes of the concrete
color chips finish
dyed finished
engraved finish
etched finish
flashed finish
marbleized finish
micro topping or over lay finish
sand blasted finish
the most common and popular finish of concrete used for major types of applications.
trowel finish
After the concrete is laid in the
formwork and leveled, the ____ is used to smooth and fine-level the surface of concrete.
trowel
are available in both manual and mechanical types.
trowel
A __________ consists of a flat steel blade with an attached handle that is pushed and pulled across the concrete surface.
manual trowel
A ______ is used for large commercial projects which resemble large fans with the blades sitting directly against the concrete.
mechanized trowel
is rough textured finished obtained by dragging a broom on the trowelled surface of the concrete while the concrete is still fresh.
broom finish of the concrete
The _________ is obtained by pressing the required patterns on the freshly levelled concrete.
stamped concrete finish
This type of concrete finish after completion of their construction looks similar to stones such as slates or flagstones, brick, tile or with proper skill they can look similar to wood.
stamped concrete finish
The _________ is obtained by inserting coarse rock salt crystals using rollers on the freshly placed concrete surface and washing it off with streams of water after the concrete is set.
salt finish concrete surface
This finish gives a decorative, rough subtle texture and skid resistance to plain or colored concrete.
salt finish
The construction of _______ is to have leveled concrete floor surface, distribute aggregate evenly, and keep air voids to as minimum as possible.
exposed aggregate finish
is used to polish the top surface of the partially cured concrete.
Power Floater or Diamond Polisher
is applied to provide the favored polished finish
fine grade protection layer
is one of the most exceptional types of concrete finish that is generated by smearing the concrete surface in a uniformly overlapping circular pattern.
swirl finish
It provides an aesthetically pleasing appearance to the concrete surface which is favored for outdoor applications because not only does it add beauty to the surface, but it also provides a safer walk and stand in comparison with
swirl finish
The _______ on a concrete surface is achieved by a mechanical process of grinding and polishing with the help of a penetrant chemical to provide different texture with the help of specialized tools and equipment.
polished finish
The _______ of the concrete is accomplished through mix-added pigments or post-cure staining to provide a pleasing look to match the surrounding environment.
colored finish
The ______ on a concrete surface can be carried out by either pigment or strains. The pigmented colored concrete can be accomplished by adding the pigments directly to the concrete mix prior to pouring.
colored finish
can be obtained by applying stains to concrete of any age to obtain a more vibrant colored finish.
strained colored concrete
type of finish prefered for different construction applications
roof slab - ________
swimming pool - ______
commercial and industrial flooring - _____
porticos, driveways, and sidewalks - _______
museums, auditoriums, and galleries - ______
parks and play areas - ______
trowel finish
sal finish
trowel finish
stamped finish
polished finish
colored finish
may be light absorptive or light reflective, warm or cool, while the palette may be monochrome or polychromatic.
color
Selection of a building _____must consider the surrounding context, as well exterior and interior light qualities under which the colors will be viewed.
color palette
Material patterning must be designed at two scales: the _______ themselves, such as ____, and the ____ into larger assemblies.
individual elements
bricks or glass panes
composition of these elements
under technique
fabrication
detail
craft
weathering
refers to how a material was created, processed, and assembled.
fabrication
determine how individual material elements or systems are joined
construction details
Common methods of joinery
various types of mechanical fastening (nails, bolts, rivets…), Welding, adhering, and so on.
is evident in a well-resolved and finely executed building, such as the elegant assemblage of wood and concrete systems
Attention to detail
is crucial to the success and longevity of a project
the quality of design and construction workmanship
a structure that has a roof and walls and stands permanently in one place. The primary function of buildings is to provide shelter to its occupants.
building
it is what that make the building comes to life
‘building services’
it should be designed in such a way to provide an environment where people can feel comfortable, work, live, and achieve.
building
contribute largely to the sustainability and functioning of the building.
Building services
Building services systems are essential provisions for a building, accounting for _______ of the total construction cost.
20% to 40%
are essential provisions for a building, accounting for 20% to 40% of the total construction cost.
Building services systems
one of the important parts for a building
because it will make a building to function well.
building service
is responsible for the design, installation, and operation and monitoring of the mechanical, electrical and public health systems required for the safe, comfortable and environmentally friendly operation of modern buildings.
building service
building services include:
-HVAC
-water supply
-drainage and plumbing
-lighting-day and artificial
-communications, telephones, and IT networks
-energy supply-gas, electricity, and renewable resources
-automation
-kitchen
-acoustics
-fire detection and protection
-security and alarm systems
-escalators and lifts
-ventilation and refrigeration
-harnessing solar, wind, and biomass energy
-facade engineering
objectives of building services engineering design
- Hygiene (prevent disease & ensure health)
- Safety (protect against risks)
- Comfort (physio- & psycho- well-beings)
- Convenience (efficiency & productivity)
design building services systems. They also supervise their installation and operation. Certain types of buildings need complex building services.
Building services engineers
are mainly office-based as they specialize in design work. They work closely with the architect, the customer and other members of the design team to prepare a design for a building project. This includes all drawings and detailed specifications for use by the contractor. They often use computer-aided design (CAD) packages for this work.
building services engineers
maintain close links with other professionals such as the construction manager and the surveyor to decide how many staff are needed and to work out costs. They supervise the installation of the building services and inspect the quality of the work, dealing with any problems that arise.
building services engineers
BSE career opportunities also arise in the fields of ________________ particularly in the area of modern industrial facilities involving clean room manufacturing, such as in pharmaceutical and electronics production.
Construction Project Management and Facilities Management
Typical works of building services consulting firms include:
- Feasibility, inspection, technical reports, estimating
- Design, specification, drawings, tender procurement
- Contract management, site supervision, cost control
Activities vary according to the specialist area of work and employer (for
example, client/end-user, building contractor or engineering consultancy).
However, tasks typically involve:
- negotiating and developing project contracts and agreeing these with clients, if working in consultancy, and putting out tenders;
- commissioning, organizing and assessing the work of contractors;
- working with detailed diagrams, plans and drawings;
- using specialist computer-aided design (CAD) software and other resources to design the systems required for the project;
- managing and forecasting spend, using whole life cycle costing techniques, ensuring that work is kept to budget;
- designing site-specific equipment as required;
- overseeing and supervising the installation of building systems and specifying maintenance and operating procedures;
- monitoring building systems and processes;
- making decisions about expired systems equipment and the appropriate location of new equipment;
- facilities management;
- liaising closely with other professionals, including structural engineers, builders, architects and surveyors, and in-house project teams;
- attending a range of project group and technical meetings;
- ensuring that the design and maintenance of building systems meets legislative and health and safety requirements;
- advising clients and architects on energy use and conservation in a range of buildings and sites, aiming to minimize the environmental impact and reduce the carbon footprint;
- working on a variety of projects within a short period of time.
classification of building services
- mechanical
- electrical
- building operation systems
Mechanical systems include:
- HVAC Systems: heating, ventilation and air conditioning.
- Site drainage: water, drainage, sanitary disposal.
- Plumbing: water distribution, water treatment, sanitary facilities.
- Fire protection: water supply, stand pipe, fire and smoke detection, annunciation.
- Gas supply
The GB Code seeks to improve the efficiency of building performance through a framework of acceptable set of standards that will enhance sound environmental and resource management that will counter the harmful gases responsible for the adverse effects of climate change, throughout the building’s life-cycle including efficient use of resources, site selection, planning, design, construction, use, occupancy, operation and maintenance, without significant increase in cost. This GB Code is a set of regulations setting minimum standards for compliance and not intended to rate buildings.
Electrical systems include:
- electrical power: normal, standby, emergency power supply and distribution
- lighting: interior, exterior, emergency light
- auxiliary: telephone, data, phone and video sound
Building Operation systems include:
- transportation: elevators, escalators, moving walkways
- processing: product, food, services
- automation: environmental control and management
it is set up in urban and suburban areas, as well as most of the urban areas
water supply system
3 types of water distribution systems
- gravity system
- direct pumped system
- gravity and pumped combination
type of pipe / water system usage / piping description
copper pipe type / distribution pipe, rising main, service pipe / rigid blue in color, will not corrode and long lasting
PVC / overflow pipe / rigid, lightweight, lifespan of 30 years
Galvanized steel / rising main, supply main / rigid will corrode over time, long lasting due to galvanized process
is the most dominant kind of energy in a modern building
electricity
is the major user of electrical energy in most buildings
lighting
in commercial buildings, ____ are the second heaviest use of electrical energy, for heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems, plumbing pumps, elevators and most industrial processes
motors
is an independent source of electrical power that supports important electrical systems on loss of normal power supply.
emergency power system
are installed to protect life and property from the effect of loss of primary electric power supply
emergency power systems
elements that make up a switch board
- frame
- buses
- overcurrent protective devices
- service metering
- outer covers
is a control board or enclosure that houses the fuses, circuit breakers, and ground leakage protection units used to distribute electrical power to numerous individual circuits or consumer points
distribution board
typically has a single incoming power source and includes a main circuit and residual current or earth leakage protection device
board
is a system of piping to run excess water whereas sewage system is to dispose the waste water and solids in a proper way
drainage system
also called sewage, it can be defined as any liquid waste that contains animal, vegetable or chemical waste in solution
wastewater
is considered as the collection, treatment and disposal of liquid waste
sewerage
is the liquid waste carried by a sewer and may include domestic and industrial discharges as well as storm sewage, infilration and inflow
sewage
sewage which forms in the sanitary conveniences of dwellings, commercial or industrial facilities and institutions
sanitary sewage
is flow derived from rainfall events and carried into sewers intended for its transporting
storm sewage
is designed to collect rainwater runoff, domestic sewage and industrial wastewater in the same pipe then transport to a sewage treatment plant to be treated and discharged to a water body
combined sewer
is designed to collect storm water and wastewater with separate pipe
separated sewer
it is used to direct rainwater from the roof to the ground to prevent rainwater from pooling at the roof
roof drain
this help to prevent extra water load adding to the building
roof drain
it provides access to a sewer for testing, visual inspection of sewers, maintenance of flow or water quality-monitoring instruments and removing obstruction in the sewer line
manhole
also allow people who were previously unable to climb stairs, for example the disabled and the elderly to move throughout a building
mechanical transportation systems
consists of elevators and escalators
vertical transportation
consists of travelators
horizontal transportation
are the most commonly used mode of vertical transportation in modern buildings, namely commercial, office, and residential structures having more than three stories
elevators
are used to used to move persons from levels to levels within a structure
elevators
are also used to move goods and in some cases motor vehicles.
elevators
two types of elevator system
- traction elevator
- hydraulic elevator
includes geared traction, gearless traction and machine-room less
traction elevator
it includes conventional hydraulic elevator, holeless hydraulic elevator and roped hydraulic elevator
hydraulic elevator
are lifted by ropes, which pass over a wheel attached to an electric motor above the elevator shaft.
traction elevators
they are used for mid and high-rise applications and have much higher travel speeds than hydraulic elevators
traction elevators
are supported by a piston at the bottom of the elevator that pushes the elevator up as an electric motor forces oil or another hydraulic fluid into the piston
hydraulic elevators
two main elements of elevator
elevator car
elevator shaft
primary components of an elevator car
- car sling
- the elevator cabin
- car operating panel
- car door
- car operator
- guide shoes
- entrance-protection system
is the framework which encloses the gap
car sling
is the interior of the car where passengers stand while being transported
elevator cabinet
is a device mounted inside a car, on which the items necessary for car operation such as car buttons, door open/close buttons, alarm button, and intercommunication system are located
car operating panel
is a motor-driven device mounted on the elevator car that opens and closes the car doors
door operator
are guide shoes which use rollers that rotate on guide rails rather than sliding on the rails
roller guides
a set of three wheels that roll against the guide rails
guide rails
is the space enclosed by fireproof walls and elevator doors which houses the elevator as well as the pit
elevator shaft
main components of an elevator shaft
- guide rails for both the car and counterweight
- counterweight
- suspension cables
- landing doors
- buffers in the pit
are used to guide and direct the course of travel of an elevator car and elevator counterweights and is usually mounted on the sides of the shaft
guide rails
the rails to guide the elevator car
main rails
rails to guide the counterweight
counterweight rails
consists of individual flat plates of steel
counterweights
are used to suspend and bear the weight of the elevator car and counterweight. they are generally made from thick steel wire ropes. They are used on traction elevators, and are usually attached to the crosshead and extending up into the motor while looping over the sheave on the motor and then down to the counter weights
elevator cables
is installed to connect every floor of the building to the lift shaft
landing doors
is a moving staircase generated by an electric motor
escalator
arrangement of escalator
- parallel arrangement
- crisscross arrrangement
is the structural frame of an escalator consisting of the lower section, incline section, and upper section. It is made of a hollow metal structures that birdges the lower and upper landings composed of two side sections joined together with cross braces across the bottom and just below the top.
escalator truss
are solid aluminum or steel linked by a continuous metal chain that forms a closed loop
escalator steps
are responsible for providing fresh outdoor to regulate the indoor contaminants such as smells from occupants, volatile organic compounds (VOC’s) emitted from the interior furnishings, cleaning chemicals.
air-conditioning systems
four types of air conditioning systems
- the window air conditioning system
- split air conditioning system
- centralized air conditioning system
- packaged air conditioning system
three basic sources of ignition
- chemical
- electrical
- mechanical
in chemical combustion, most commonly known as _______, some chemicals reach ignition at ordinary temperatures within buildings
spontaneous combustion
is the most commonly supplied by resistance heating, a familiar process in many appliances and in space-heating equipment
electrical heat energy
is produced by friction, by overheating of machinery, and occasionally by heat of compression
mechanical heat energy
two common used smoke detectors
- optical smoke detector
- ionization smoke detector
it can detects the presence of smoke in an area when it presence of smoke in an area when it reached the ceiling where the detector is normally located
smoke detectors
is an automatic actuating device which is a first device to detect fire and notify the occupants in the building
smoke detectors
alarm initiation devices
- smoke detectors
- gas detectors
- break-glass
measures and indicates the concentration of certain gases in an air via different technologies. generally used to prevent toxic exposure and fire
gas detectors
is manufactured as portable or stationary unit of work by signifying high levels of gases through a series of audible or visible indicators, such as alarms, lights or a combination of signals
gas detectors
is a manual actuating device to activate fire alarm
break-glass
notification appliances
alarm bell
speaker
siren
may be used for fire alarm signals where their sound is distinctive and will not confused with similar audible signals used for other purpose
alarm bell
frequently used as fire alarm signalling appliances
speaker
usually are limited to outdoor applications but are sometimes used in extremely noisy indoor areas
siren
are motor-driven or electronic appliances and may be either alternating or direct current operated. they are not very practical for use as coded audible signals
siren
lighting and signage
emergency exit sign
emergency exit light
fire indicator light
is part of a complete life safety and fire protection system and is required in all public buildings
emergency exit sign
is lighting for an emergency situation when the main power supply is cut and any normal illumination fails.
emergency light sign
are used to trigger the fire alarm. They
are connected in parallel with each other
but in series with the indicator lights.
fire indicator light
is the backbone of the firefighting systems in a building or premises.
fire hydrant system
are made up from a series of components including stop valve, alarm valve, fire sprinkler, alarm test valve and motorized alarm bell.
sprinkler system
is intended for the occupant to use during the early stages of fire and comprises hose reel pumps, fire water tank, hose reels, pipe work and valves.
hose reel system
is a typical installation in a high-rise building. It is used to supply water from the wet riser water tank, through wet riser pipes, distributed to each floor, and ending at the canvas hoses and hose reels.
wet riser system
is a clean and efficient fire extinguisher agent. It is colorless, non-conductive and noncorrosive inert gas which evaporates without leaving any residue after discharge. CO² works by smothering the flames and reducing the flames and reducing the oxygen content in the vapor phase of fuel or both in the air to the point where the combustion stops.
carbon dioxide (CO2)
fire control / extinguishing systems
sprinkler system
hose reel system
wet riser system
carbon dioxide fire suppression system
fire extinguisher
fireman switch
are extremely valuable for extinguishing fires at the early stages, but they cannot be used successfully to deal with large fires
fire extinguishers
are the first-aid firefighting appliances which can be carried by hand and from which the extinguishing agent can be expelled, usually under pressure.
portable fire extinguishers
is a switch-disconnect or isolator for special applications. These switches are on the outside wall of commercial buildings. They are designed to by easy to spot and are used by firemen to turn off neon-lighting or other hazardous electrical equipment in case of fire.
fireman switch
