HVIII - Main Info Flashcards
What is argued as the true ending to the Wars of the Roses
The succession of King Henry VIII
Part-Yorkist, part-Lancastrian king
Handsome, strong and scholarly 17 year old heir to the throne
How did poet John Skelto say about Henry VIII around his coronation time in regard to the Tudor Rose?
“The Rose both red and white, In one rose now doth grow”
How long did it take of war under HVIII for all of the reserve money (inheritance) from HVII to be wiped out?
2 years
Who was Thomas More?
Childhood friend of HVIII
Was also murdered by HVIII so watch out avani <3
Distinguished lawyer and humanist scholar
Author of ‘Utopia’ whatever that shi is
Valued councillor to HVIII (until he killed him ofc <3)
Lord Chancellor until 1529
How were educational opportunities developing during the Renaissance
Song schools
Reading schools
Provided elementary education for them damn youths
Much of ‘secondary’ education took place in grammar schools
How did architecture develop during the Renaissance
Massive amount of building and re-building or parish churches
Describe HVIII’s appearance
A fat fuck, to put simply
but in detail
-Handsome and fit when young, but also a ginger so enuf said
-grew larger and unappleasing to eye w age
-auburn hair (nice way of saying ginger lad)
-round face
Describe his personality
a male whore, to put simply
but in detail
-narcissistic
-selfish
-ruthless
-had courage, charm and humour
-pious and well-versed in theology (deeply religious, you know, until he was no longer deeply religious)
-amicable, but disloyal
-morbid
-egotistical
-threatening
-warmonger`
What were HVIII’s strengths as a king
his ability to tak0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000e up 2 seats, as opposed to just one, to put simply
but in detail0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
ok u know what i aint bothered ill just re-write it
What were HVIII’s strengths as a king
as i was SAYING, his ability to eat an entire portion of food meant for a village <3, to put simply
but in detail
-cultivated and educated
-chivalrous
-king of commanding will
-liked by the people, seen as image of joy and hope
-liked by nobility
What were HVIII’s weaknesses as king
he was a too much of a fat fuck to hang himself. the rope kept snapping, to put simply
but in detail
-too much expectations from people to recover from HVII (Idk why it says this in the table i copied it from cos i thought hvii was my fav g, but ig not child)
-emotional imbalance (COME ON B A MAN)
-never saw dark consequences for immediate relieg (like u burn down an orphanage and all of a sudden ur the villain?!)
-after hearing of catherine’s death, he publically danced with anne boleyn
HOW DARE HE
tbh i wouldve done it too sounds like a spendid time
it is 21st april 1509. u have just become king. what do u plan to do first
i dont acc know, but the next few flashcards r what hviii planned to do in his manifesto so enjoy ig
i think id build a greenhouse
How did HVIII plan to end the reputation of an avaricious and greedy king set by HVII, his old man?
Wanted a change of government to show this change
Kept most of his father’s councillors cos they had experience in running gov. but punished the unpopular ones
What did HVIII do about the weird relationship that HVII left behind when he died w France and HRE
Agreed w peace treaty to pose as key figure in Europe
He could act as a little intermediary between France and HRE
u know u know keep the peace we suave
Other European will begin to trust him and make him a more significant leader
What changed in terms of gov./council/relationship with ministers with HVII and HVIII
HVIII got rid of the different levels of council
More dependent on ministers
Governed more through council as HVIII had no previous experience with gov. or public affairs
smth tells me thats a bad sign
What changed in terms of finance from HVII to HVIII
Executed Empson and Dudley from CLIL cos of unpopularity brought to Crown
Abolished CLIL in Jan 1510
HVIII was left £300k from HVII, but spent most of it all very quickly on wars like Spurs and Flodden in 1513
What changed in terms of Parliament w HVII and HVIII
Broadened use of statute law to achieve political ends, resulting in increased parliament powers as was only called 7 times in HVII’s reign
Plundering and destruction of much of church’s wealth
HVIII emphasised importance of governing thru council and chief ministers
What changed in terms of foreign policy between HVII and his lil fat fucker of a son
HVII cleverly avoided international wars
HVIII was rather fond of the old pistol and bullet so spent money freely on em
tbh i would too
ONCE A TUDOR KING ALWAYS A TUDOR KING
How did the relationship with nobility differ between U GUESSED IT me n ur mum
nah jk jk
HVII and HVIII
yh ik slightly more boring icl
They played a more important role in HVIII’s reign
HVIII paired w them in sports and grew up w em
HVII alienated them (as he should they were a bunch of arrogant lil brats)
Was HVIII prepared for his role as king? BE HONEST
Nah mf wasn’t crown prince so he wasn’t ready at all
He was also still a child and never expected to be king, but he was still well-educated so there was that ig
cough cough wilhelm parallels
WAS HVIII GAY?!
Was HVIII’s accession welcomed by the people?
Yh cos they were still recovering from their PTSD of the CLIL so HVIII was a breath of fresh air
Human symbol of the Tudor Rose
Gave ppl hope for a less shady monarch
spoiler alert…the peeps were wrong and he became a fat little ducky man
Thomas More wrote ‘Coronation Ode’. How does he describe HVIII’s accession as one of his closest friends
Planned to be an everlasting glory of their time
Planned to rule the world
Forgiving to nobility
spoiler alert…hviii killed him <3
Why did HVIII abolish the CLIL
To distance himself from his father’s regime
Ensured his own popularity against the nobility
What were HVIII’s key aims early in his reign?
Establish status among European monarchs
Re-establish nobility role
Warrior king recognition
Why did HVIII marry Catherine of Aragon, one of my personal favss??
cos she was a spicy latina to put simply
well maybe idk i wasnt there in all honesty but in detail
Was due to HVII’s wishes
HVII was planning on possibly marrying her but made more sense to continue alliance w Spain when HVIII was crown prince after Arthur’s death
Why did HVIII re-establish the position of the nobility?
“WHY GOD WHY” - HVII says as he turns vigorously in his grave
Cos they both shared interest in military (shared desire for political domination)
Gimme an example of how HVIII could also be ruthless towards the nobility
Buckingham
Executed him simply on grounds of suspicion and simply claimed Buckingham was “almost certainly guilty”
He also disinherited most of his wealth from his children
quite rude if u ask me
What is Eric Ives’ interpretation of HVIII’s attitude to monarchy and government?
HVIII was not willing to delegate responsibility consistently
Reserved freedom to intervene as and when he wanted
was a bit chill in brief
What was HVIII’s view of the of the role of Parliament before the 1530s
Pretty much same as HVII
Extraordinary revenue
Pass laws
Advise the monarchy
How many times did HVIII sum Parliament before 1529
idk. a lot
well 4 times to be exact
How did Wolsey and Cromwell’s views on Parliament differ
Wolsey = reluctant to use Parliament
Cromwell = exploited its legislative possibilities much more which is why was called more often in later reign
Why did ruling via councils break down during HVIII’s reign
Conflict between king’s own impulsive nature and that of more conservative councillors
What is a conciliar form of government
Decisions made by a council
Why did the conciliar form of government come to an end in 1514
HVIII became disenchanted by the reluctance of some of his father’s councillors to support war w France
HVIII became more attuned to government
Became more of his own man and in control of decision-making
cough cough we just gonna forget bout the old wolsey and cromwell then <3
He wanted to surround himself w like-minded courtiers, and took a liking to Wolsey who would eventually become his chief minister
How was the role of the Privy Chamber extended in the early years of his reign
Had minions (TONIGHT VE STILL ZA MOON) - group of young courtiers who enjoyed HVII’s personal favour
They then became gentleman of the Privy Chamber
do they eat baneeners
How did Wolsey try to control the Privy Chamber
He no like minions and endlessly tried to get rid of em
He neutralised their influence
In 1514 secured their removal and replaced them with his own supporters
Was the removal of the minions successful
nah tis quite funny
Most managed to recover their positions and so retained some prestige and influence - outside of Wolsey’s immediate control
sucks to be him ig
What was the Court of Chancery that Wolsey went on to improve
Main court of equity in the kingdom
Speciliased in civil disputes, including disputes relating to business, property or land, intellectual property issues, insolvency, bankruptcy, tax and the validity of wills
How did Wolsey try to use the Court of Chancery to uphold ‘fair justice’
Used it to deal with problems relating to enclosure, contracts and land left to others in will
What was the Court of Star Chamber
Center of both government and justice under Wolsey
Made up of judges and privy councillors
How did Wolsey use and improve the Court of Star Chamber
Extended use of it from 1516 to increase cheap and fair justice
How did Wolsey change the way subsidies were collected
Instead of using local commissioners to assess taxpayers’ wealth who would be over-generous nobility
He set up national committee which he headed
What was the 1523 subsidy
Imposed a tax of one shilling in the £ for land worth £50
And one shilling in £ on personal savings and crop
What was the Amicable Grant of 1525
Wolsey ordered to raise money for war with France
Was to be freely given gift from subjects to king
Was actually a heavy tax without Parliament approval
Ppl upset
Had to be stopped
What is John Guy’s interpretation of Wolsey’s management of Parliament
“Arrogant and insensitive”
What were the Eltham Ordinances of 1526
Were introduced in order to reform finances of privy council (expenditure of household)
Secured reduction of number of gentlemen in privy chamber
Removed groom of stool Compton and replaced with Norris (compliant to Wolsey’s orders)
Also used to try and get rid of the minions
What is Peter Gwyn’s view of the Eltham Ordinances
Believed purpose of it was primarily financial
What is David Starkey’s view of the Eltham Ordinances
Issuing it reflected Wolsey’s fear the Amicable Grant would make him so unpopular that he would be in danger of using his political power over HVIII
little did the kid know he died bloody anyway so yolo
What was the groom of the stool and why was she so important
Most intimate of English monarchy’s courtiers
who wouldnt love to wipe a fat blokes ass and hear bout his problems while he tryna push
King had much confidence in them for advice and would have a lot of influence on king
Wolsey knew this so replaced old groom with new one who complied to Wolsey’s influence and ideology
What was the King’s Great Matter
Annulment of HVIII to lil Cath
Desire to marry Anne Boleyn
Wanted a son but couldn’t just divorce Cath cos they were some Catholic bitches
Complex situation that would ultimately lead to England’s Break w Rome
What impact did the KGM have on Wolsey
cute lil abbreivation there
Posed major problem on him dat sucks ig
He obvi failed to secure annulment lil guy despite his strong connections w the CC, u know being a cardinal and all
lightwork ig
What is praemunire
i tried to pronounce it in class when we were learning about it and got laughed at. did not go well 10/10 would not do again
Parliament statute enacted in 1353 to limit papacy power
Made it unlawful for legal cases that could be heard in English courts to be decided elsewhere (limited Papal jurisdiction)
jesus would b unhappy w this RELEASE THE DOGGIE DEMONS
How did John Guy view Wolsey
Was England’s most gifted administrator for 300+ yrs (no not him he didnt live that long silly goose)
What was Cromwell before he became chief minister to HVIII
a brothel-working whore
nah jk
i mean maybe we cant assume i wasnt there
England’s most renowned lawyer
Where did Wolsey get a good education from
Magdalen College in Oxford
What is known as Wolsey’s finest accomplishment
The Field of the Cloth and Gold of 1520
What made Wolsey unpopular
His haughtiness as it were and grand style of living
What did Wolsey help build
His London home, York Place in Whitehall
Hampton Court
Founded Cardinal College at Oxford (later King’s College and now Christ Church) idk it either just smile and nod
What was Cromwell’s background
quite tragic rlly he was born into a whore house to later rule the whore house and make an international franchise of his brothel
well maybe idk i wasnt there
but according to the textbooks
He was the son of a brewer and a blacksmith
What was Cromwell’s greatest achievement
The divorce
bloody finally we’re all thinking it
What is the name of the lil essay by Geoffrey Elton about Cromwell’s accomplishments
The Elton Thesis
yh but basic tbh
shouldve been smth like ‘Le Grand de List of Wells della Crom’
yes this is it
What government bodies were modernised by Cromwell
Royal Council
Council of the North
The Exchequer
whoever tf that is
What did Cromwell oversee
The incorporation of Wales into the English system of government
How did E N Williams refer to Cromwell as
Managerial genius
Why did Henry not listen to Cromwell and form alliances with za German princes
He vould not convert to za Lutheran Faith that za German princes zaid zey needed to before any alliance vaz discussed
zaid?! how did u get in here
TO ZA CHAMBERS
HVIII also claimed that he was scared England was going for war against France and HRE, and thought Germany would not hold against them
*hitler punching the air rn cos henry was in fact correct
What Duke was against Cromwell from ZE START
3rd Duke of Norfolk
Uncle of Catherine Howard
He accused Cromwell of imposing Protestantism onto England via Act of 6 Articles
Also introduced Catherine to Royal Court almost certainly in knowledge Henry would fall for her
HE WAS RIGHT…mf fell harder than hitler in stilts
idk why i brought him into this again
avani doing germany flashcards opposite me
twas bound to happen
What did the Act of Attainder accuse Cromwell of
Heresy and treason
Also denied Cromwell right to proper trial where he could defend himself
das a little unfair
but i picture him w a funny haircut so the mf deserved it
he had it coming
i think the 1am delulu kicking in
dont look back
What were Henry’s interests
i rlly dgaf but its in my folder so here we go
He was a sportsman
arent we all
Hunting on horseback was his fav
Jousting which HVII hated for its dangerous nature (still he continued his jousting career for 25 yrs we love a rebellious teen…i srly dunno how the poor horses carried the fut fuckah for that long but go him ig
Tennis
sounds like an average tuesday to me
What is historically written about Henry’s sex drive
no this is not necessary to know but i find it hilarious so here we go ig
Ud think a sportsman and a man w 6 wives would have a huge libido as big as his plate of chicken at the evening
HOWEVER
He was more interested in the romantic side of love-making than the physical aspects
He had fewer mistresses and fewer illegitimate children (abt 2)
He was willing to wait 6 yrs for Anne Boleyn
apparently historians find dis interesting cos it shows he is not the sexual predator he gets made to b
i think its just cos theyre justifying their own lack of libidos that they swap out 4 textbooks but sure
What is often used to explain why he tolerated his Thomases
wolsey, cromwell and more
Based on fact they could ‘function at his intellectual level’
i however severely doubt this
What are reasons to suggest HVIII was acc gifted in intelligence
Could out-think all members of English aristocracy
Was more than a match for other leading rulers of Western Europe
But had a lack of formal educational training that could make him appear smarter than his able subjects and advisers
Despite this could still sport any weaknesses of arguments that were laid before him, however skillful the presentation
It was almost impossible for the ‘wool to be pulled over his eyes’
What were the few occasions where Henry’s intelligence was hindered (hoodwinked)
Treacheries of Cardinal Wolsey, Anne Boleyn and Thomas Cromwell
His emotions rather than his intellect was persuaded
silly goose
leading w his heart not his head
who tf would do that…
What r some values and attitudes of HVIII
probs not anything good. i mean…6 mf wives. come on
He was a conformist
Therefore not surprising he believed in women’s inferiority to men apart from when he was w Anne Boleyn
we luv a lil feminist
But he kept his belief on show when refoicing at Catherine’s death in 1536 after she refused to accept being ‘put aside’ during their marriage
kid switched tf up
Also believed in delegating work to servants so that he could relax and participate in activities
mf was colouring in while wolsey busting his ass to stop a french war
way to pick a king
What is a phrase used to describe why Henry was never fully prepared for his role as king after arthur died in the words of Miss Kay
He was the spare, not the heir
its giving wille
What was the title given to HVIII by the CC for his strong Catholic ethos
Defender of the Faith
Why was he called Defender of the Faith
In 1521, he was awarded the title for his defence of the Catholic Church against the threat of Martin Luther, a key figure in the Protestant Reformation
What r some personal beliefs of the king
Until Arthur died - HVIII brought up on code of chivalry (purpose was to become a knight b4 was to become king)
Wanted to b a warrior king like HV at Battle of Agincourt and wanted group of ‘warriors’ could trust like Arthur w knights at round table
Honour was of extreme importance
kid wanted to die in battle ig. how original
Who tf was Pope Clement VII
funny story bout mr clementine here
miss kay gave us hw to research the figure she designated to us
i got him
forgot abt it
researched him on prescilla’s computer within 30 seconds, memorised it and gave verbal presentation lmao
was a very stressful thursday morning 4 me
ANYHOO
Was Head and Ruler of Papal States (he was the pope u dumb shit)
Known as greatest pope of his time
go him ig
Despised HVIII due to separation with CC
He even sponsored completion of Sistine Chapel
He sponsored Michelangelo’s painting
Man was a Renaissance pope
a cool pope
a bold pope
He even imprisoned Charles V as he knew he was tryna dominate the CC and Italian states
so mf was alarmed
Sorry twas a long flashcard
Let’s hear some stuff bout Anne Boleyn
Was a queen. so theres that
B4 was a member of HVIII’s court. then kid fell 4 her. she was pretty n smart i cant blame him
Pregnant while HVIII still married to Catherine. man whore
Led to annulment to legitimise AB’s child in case was a boy. mf needed an heir desperately and mary sitting here punching the air right abt now
But was not a male heir. Twas Elizabeth. Go bad bitch go bad bitch go
Was accused of adultery and incest by Cromwell who hated her from the beginning. he just needed an excuse to chop her head off icl
Then was executed. sad
Who was Richard Foxe
Protestant humanist tutor of Edward VI. spoiler alert of next topic
Chief Minister
Was w HVII while in exile in Brittany so have shared trauma <3
Believed in diplomatic matters over the Church
Lost influence to Wolsey in 1511 w HVIII so bit irrelevant in this deck icl
Who was this Thomas More man
Childhood friend of HVIII that eventually got executed lmao
wAtCh yOur BAcK aVanIpopS. or should i say AVANI-POPS-IN-THE-COFFIN BAINS?!
Executed due to refusal to accept royal supremacy in Church
Wrote 1516 book Utopia #published_author
He was significant opposition to Protestant Reformation
Who was this Francis I man
King of France
Tried to expand French control in Italian states just like Charles
must’ve been an annoying french thing
He was heavily influenced by humanism and Italian artists
He encouraged French cultural development
Encouraged French exploration in ‘new world’ (America - they do b stuck in the past these days w their abortion laws and gun freedom. wtf)
Talk about Catherine of Aragon
ah one of my favourite wives of Henry
She a devout Catholic
5 yrs older than HVIII
Previously married to Arthur and then married Henry after conspiracy of consummation of marriage was overturned as she claimed she never slept w Arthur
Married to Henry for 24 yrs
Must’ve had a serious backbone 4 that shit icl
Gave birth to thee bloody Mary
Who was Charles V
HRE
Sacked Rome
Nephew of Catherine of Aragon, so strong ally and hated HVIII
Pope under his control
More interested in Italian States than England…tis why there was never a war
shame
we wouldve lost
very very badly
Who was thy Thomas Cranmer
so i can crack my fingers but cant finger my crack?!
we live in a society
sorry that was irrelevant
yet very relevant :l
Wrote Liturgy still used today
He was the Archbishop of Canterbury
The very 1st Protestant one
therefore a bad bishop ig…? i dont make the rules
Established basic English Church structures
Worked closely w HVIII and later Edward
NOT YET DONT STRESS URSELVES W THE LIL SHI THAT WAS EDVI
Helped get marriage annulled and aided w marriage to AB
CD
EF
sorry i got carried away i just rlly like the alphabet
gets me going u know
anyhoo
tHe SuN iS sHIninG
i swear im sober
I GO BANANAS WHENEVER U WANT ME
ANYHOO
how is u
Who is Cardinal Campeggio
u know its sad im supposed to b good at tutors but i have no idea who this parmegiano reggiano man is
but here’s what the sheet says <3
Cardinal protector of England
Twas the Pope’s representative whatever that is but probs a huge tudor slay at the time so go parmegiano reggiano <33
Was appointed by none other than Pope Clement VII to hear his annulment case who hopefully u know by now xx he do b my favourite satsuma
dO yOu knoW whAt’s CoMInG uP??!?!?!
CHRISTMAS
~avani, the love of my life
What was Wolsey often referred to as
‘Alter rex’, meaning other/second king
myself, on the other hand, are often referred to as t-rex for my short and stout arms that seems to whack myself in the face instead of the person im fighting u know due to their very short and stout nature
What was the Act in Restraint of Appeals
Stated foreign powers (eg. Pope) had no right to interfere in English matters
By making Parliament pass the Act rather than just declaring it by royal proclamation, Cromwell made it part of English statute law, something which could only be changed by another Act of Parliament
