HVIII - Main Info Flashcards
What is argued as the true ending to the Wars of the Roses
The succession of King Henry VIII
Part-Yorkist, part-Lancastrian king
Handsome, strong and scholarly 17 year old heir to the throne
How did poet John Skelto say about Henry VIII around his coronation time in regard to the Tudor Rose?
“The Rose both red and white, In one rose now doth grow”
How long did it take of war under HVIII for all of the reserve money (inheritance) from HVII to be wiped out?
2 years
Who was Thomas More?
Childhood friend of HVIII
Was also murdered by HVIII so watch out avani <3
Distinguished lawyer and humanist scholar
Author of ‘Utopia’ whatever that shi is
Valued councillor to HVIII (until he killed him ofc <3)
Lord Chancellor until 1529
How were educational opportunities developing during the Renaissance
Song schools
Reading schools
Provided elementary education for them damn youths
Much of ‘secondary’ education took place in grammar schools
How did architecture develop during the Renaissance
Massive amount of building and re-building or parish churches
Describe HVIII’s appearance
A fat fuck, to put simply
but in detail
-Handsome and fit when young, but also a ginger so enuf said
-grew larger and unappleasing to eye w age
-auburn hair (nice way of saying ginger lad)
-round face
Describe his personality
a male whore, to put simply
but in detail
-narcissistic
-selfish
-ruthless
-had courage, charm and humour
-pious and well-versed in theology (deeply religious, you know, until he was no longer deeply religious)
-amicable, but disloyal
-morbid
-egotistical
-threatening
-warmonger`
What were HVIII’s strengths as a king
his ability to tak0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000e up 2 seats, as opposed to just one, to put simply
but in detail0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
ok u know what i aint bothered ill just re-write it
What were HVIII’s strengths as a king
as i was SAYING, his ability to eat an entire portion of food meant for a village <3, to put simply
but in detail
-cultivated and educated
-chivalrous
-king of commanding will
-liked by the people, seen as image of joy and hope
-liked by nobility
What were HVIII’s weaknesses as king
he was a too much of a fat fuck to hang himself. the rope kept snapping, to put simply
but in detail
-too much expectations from people to recover from HVII (Idk why it says this in the table i copied it from cos i thought hvii was my fav g, but ig not child)
-emotional imbalance (COME ON B A MAN)
-never saw dark consequences for immediate relieg (like u burn down an orphanage and all of a sudden ur the villain?!)
-after hearing of catherine’s death, he publically danced with anne boleyn
HOW DARE HE
tbh i wouldve done it too sounds like a spendid time
it is 21st april 1509. u have just become king. what do u plan to do first
i dont acc know, but the next few flashcards r what hviii planned to do in his manifesto so enjoy ig
i think id build a greenhouse
How did HVIII plan to end the reputation of an avaricious and greedy king set by HVII, his old man?
Wanted a change of government to show this change
Kept most of his father’s councillors cos they had experience in running gov. but punished the unpopular ones
What did HVIII do about the weird relationship that HVII left behind when he died w France and HRE
Agreed w peace treaty to pose as key figure in Europe
He could act as a little intermediary between France and HRE
u know u know keep the peace we suave
Other European will begin to trust him and make him a more significant leader
What changed in terms of gov./council/relationship with ministers with HVII and HVIII
HVIII got rid of the different levels of council
More dependent on ministers
Governed more through council as HVIII had no previous experience with gov. or public affairs
smth tells me thats a bad sign
What changed in terms of finance from HVII to HVIII
Executed Empson and Dudley from CLIL cos of unpopularity brought to Crown
Abolished CLIL in Jan 1510
HVIII was left £300k from HVII, but spent most of it all very quickly on wars like Spurs and Flodden in 1513
What changed in terms of Parliament w HVII and HVIII
Broadened use of statute law to achieve political ends, resulting in increased parliament powers as was only called 7 times in HVII’s reign
Plundering and destruction of much of church’s wealth
HVIII emphasised importance of governing thru council and chief ministers
What changed in terms of foreign policy between HVII and his lil fat fucker of a son
HVII cleverly avoided international wars
HVIII was rather fond of the old pistol and bullet so spent money freely on em
tbh i would too
ONCE A TUDOR KING ALWAYS A TUDOR KING
How did the relationship with nobility differ between U GUESSED IT me n ur mum
nah jk jk
HVII and HVIII
yh ik slightly more boring icl
They played a more important role in HVIII’s reign
HVIII paired w them in sports and grew up w em
HVII alienated them (as he should they were a bunch of arrogant lil brats)
Was HVIII prepared for his role as king? BE HONEST
Nah mf wasn’t crown prince so he wasn’t ready at all
He was also still a child and never expected to be king, but he was still well-educated so there was that ig
cough cough wilhelm parallels
WAS HVIII GAY?!
Was HVIII’s accession welcomed by the people?
Yh cos they were still recovering from their PTSD of the CLIL so HVIII was a breath of fresh air
Human symbol of the Tudor Rose
Gave ppl hope for a less shady monarch
spoiler alert…the peeps were wrong and he became a fat little ducky man
Thomas More wrote ‘Coronation Ode’. How does he describe HVIII’s accession as one of his closest friends
Planned to be an everlasting glory of their time
Planned to rule the world
Forgiving to nobility
spoiler alert…hviii killed him <3
Why did HVIII abolish the CLIL
To distance himself from his father’s regime
Ensured his own popularity against the nobility
What were HVIII’s key aims early in his reign?
Establish status among European monarchs
Re-establish nobility role
Warrior king recognition
Why did HVIII marry Catherine of Aragon, one of my personal favss??
cos she was a spicy latina to put simply
well maybe idk i wasnt there in all honesty but in detail
Was due to HVII’s wishes
HVII was planning on possibly marrying her but made more sense to continue alliance w Spain when HVIII was crown prince after Arthur’s death
Why did HVIII re-establish the position of the nobility?
“WHY GOD WHY” - HVII says as he turns vigorously in his grave
Cos they both shared interest in military (shared desire for political domination)
Gimme an example of how HVIII could also be ruthless towards the nobility
Buckingham
Executed him simply on grounds of suspicion and simply claimed Buckingham was “almost certainly guilty”
He also disinherited most of his wealth from his children
quite rude if u ask me
What is Eric Ives’ interpretation of HVIII’s attitude to monarchy and government?
HVIII was not willing to delegate responsibility consistently
Reserved freedom to intervene as and when he wanted
was a bit chill in brief
What was HVIII’s view of the of the role of Parliament before the 1530s
Pretty much same as HVII
Extraordinary revenue
Pass laws
Advise the monarchy
How many times did HVIII sum Parliament before 1529
idk. a lot
well 4 times to be exact
How did Wolsey and Cromwell’s views on Parliament differ
Wolsey = reluctant to use Parliament
Cromwell = exploited its legislative possibilities much more which is why was called more often in later reign
Why did ruling via councils break down during HVIII’s reign
Conflict between king’s own impulsive nature and that of more conservative councillors
What is a conciliar form of government
Decisions made by a council
Why did the conciliar form of government come to an end in 1514
HVIII became disenchanted by the reluctance of some of his father’s councillors to support war w France
HVIII became more attuned to government
Became more of his own man and in control of decision-making
cough cough we just gonna forget bout the old wolsey and cromwell then <3
He wanted to surround himself w like-minded courtiers, and took a liking to Wolsey who would eventually become his chief minister
How was the role of the Privy Chamber extended in the early years of his reign
Had minions (TONIGHT VE STILL ZA MOON) - group of young courtiers who enjoyed HVII’s personal favour
They then became gentleman of the Privy Chamber
do they eat baneeners
How did Wolsey try to control the Privy Chamber
He no like minions and endlessly tried to get rid of em
He neutralised their influence
In 1514 secured their removal and replaced them with his own supporters
Was the removal of the minions successful
nah tis quite funny
Most managed to recover their positions and so retained some prestige and influence - outside of Wolsey’s immediate control
sucks to be him ig
What was the Court of Chancery that Wolsey went on to improve
Main court of equity in the kingdom
Speciliased in civil disputes, including disputes relating to business, property or land, intellectual property issues, insolvency, bankruptcy, tax and the validity of wills
How did Wolsey try to use the Court of Chancery to uphold ‘fair justice’
Used it to deal with problems relating to enclosure, contracts and land left to others in will
What was the Court of Star Chamber
Center of both government and justice under Wolsey
Made up of judges and privy councillors
How did Wolsey use and improve the Court of Star Chamber
Extended use of it from 1516 to increase cheap and fair justice
How did Wolsey change the way subsidies were collected
Instead of using local commissioners to assess taxpayers’ wealth who would be over-generous nobility
He set up national committee which he headed
What was the 1523 subsidy
Imposed a tax of one shilling in the £ for land worth £50
And one shilling in £ on personal savings and crop
What was the Amicable Grant of 1525
Wolsey ordered to raise money for war with France
Was to be freely given gift from subjects to king
Was actually a heavy tax without Parliament approval
Ppl upset
Had to be stopped
What is John Guy’s interpretation of Wolsey’s management of Parliament
“Arrogant and insensitive”
What were the Eltham Ordinances of 1526
Were introduced in order to reform finances of privy council (expenditure of household)
Secured reduction of number of gentlemen in privy chamber
Removed groom of stool Compton and replaced with Norris (compliant to Wolsey’s orders)
Also used to try and get rid of the minions
What is Peter Gwyn’s view of the Eltham Ordinances
Believed purpose of it was primarily financial
What is David Starkey’s view of the Eltham Ordinances
Issuing it reflected Wolsey’s fear the Amicable Grant would make him so unpopular that he would be in danger of using his political power over HVIII
little did the kid know he died bloody anyway so yolo
What was the groom of the stool and why was she so important
Most intimate of English monarchy’s courtiers
who wouldnt love to wipe a fat blokes ass and hear bout his problems while he tryna push
King had much confidence in them for advice and would have a lot of influence on king
Wolsey knew this so replaced old groom with new one who complied to Wolsey’s influence and ideology
What was the King’s Great Matter
Annulment of HVIII to lil Cath
Desire to marry Anne Boleyn
Wanted a son but couldn’t just divorce Cath cos they were some Catholic bitches
Complex situation that would ultimately lead to England’s Break w Rome
What impact did the KGM have on Wolsey
cute lil abbreivation there
Posed major problem on him dat sucks ig
He obvi failed to secure annulment lil guy despite his strong connections w the CC, u know being a cardinal and all
lightwork ig
What is praemunire
i tried to pronounce it in class when we were learning about it and got laughed at. did not go well 10/10 would not do again
Parliament statute enacted in 1353 to limit papacy power
Made it unlawful for legal cases that could be heard in English courts to be decided elsewhere (limited Papal jurisdiction)
jesus would b unhappy w this RELEASE THE DOGGIE DEMONS
How did John Guy view Wolsey
Was England’s most gifted administrator for 300+ yrs (no not him he didnt live that long silly goose)
What was Cromwell before he became chief minister to HVIII
a brothel-working whore
nah jk
i mean maybe we cant assume i wasnt there
England’s most renowned lawyer
Where did Wolsey get a good education from
Magdalen College in Oxford
What is known as Wolsey’s finest accomplishment
The Field of the Cloth and Gold of 1520
What made Wolsey unpopular
His haughtiness as it were and grand style of living
What did Wolsey help build
His London home, York Place in Whitehall
Hampton Court
Founded Cardinal College at Oxford (later King’s College and now Christ Church) idk it either just smile and nod
What was Cromwell’s background
quite tragic rlly he was born into a whore house to later rule the whore house and make an international franchise of his brothel
well maybe idk i wasnt there
but according to the textbooks
He was the son of a brewer and a blacksmith
What was Cromwell’s greatest achievement
The divorce
bloody finally we’re all thinking it
What is the name of the lil essay by Geoffrey Elton about Cromwell’s accomplishments
The Elton Thesis
yh but basic tbh
shouldve been smth like ‘Le Grand de List of Wells della Crom’
yes this is it
What government bodies were modernised by Cromwell
Royal Council
Council of the North
The Exchequer
whoever tf that is
What did Cromwell oversee
The incorporation of Wales into the English system of government
How did E N Williams refer to Cromwell as
Managerial genius
Why did Henry not listen to Cromwell and form alliances with za German princes
He vould not convert to za Lutheran Faith that za German princes zaid zey needed to before any alliance vaz discussed
zaid?! how did u get in here
TO ZA CHAMBERS
HVIII also claimed that he was scared England was going for war against France and HRE, and thought Germany would not hold against them
*hitler punching the air rn cos henry was in fact correct
What Duke was against Cromwell from ZE START
3rd Duke of Norfolk
Uncle of Catherine Howard
He accused Cromwell of imposing Protestantism onto England via Act of 6 Articles
Also introduced Catherine to Royal Court almost certainly in knowledge Henry would fall for her
HE WAS RIGHT…mf fell harder than hitler in stilts
idk why i brought him into this again
avani doing germany flashcards opposite me
twas bound to happen
What did the Act of Attainder accuse Cromwell of
Heresy and treason
Also denied Cromwell right to proper trial where he could defend himself
das a little unfair
but i picture him w a funny haircut so the mf deserved it
he had it coming
i think the 1am delulu kicking in
dont look back
What were Henry’s interests
i rlly dgaf but its in my folder so here we go
He was a sportsman
arent we all
Hunting on horseback was his fav
Jousting which HVII hated for its dangerous nature (still he continued his jousting career for 25 yrs we love a rebellious teen…i srly dunno how the poor horses carried the fut fuckah for that long but go him ig
Tennis
sounds like an average tuesday to me
What is historically written about Henry’s sex drive
no this is not necessary to know but i find it hilarious so here we go ig
Ud think a sportsman and a man w 6 wives would have a huge libido as big as his plate of chicken at the evening
HOWEVER
He was more interested in the romantic side of love-making than the physical aspects
He had fewer mistresses and fewer illegitimate children (abt 2)
He was willing to wait 6 yrs for Anne Boleyn
apparently historians find dis interesting cos it shows he is not the sexual predator he gets made to b
i think its just cos theyre justifying their own lack of libidos that they swap out 4 textbooks but sure
What is often used to explain why he tolerated his Thomases
wolsey, cromwell and more
Based on fact they could ‘function at his intellectual level’
i however severely doubt this
What are reasons to suggest HVIII was acc gifted in intelligence
Could out-think all members of English aristocracy
Was more than a match for other leading rulers of Western Europe
But had a lack of formal educational training that could make him appear smarter than his able subjects and advisers
Despite this could still sport any weaknesses of arguments that were laid before him, however skillful the presentation
It was almost impossible for the ‘wool to be pulled over his eyes’
What were the few occasions where Henry’s intelligence was hindered (hoodwinked)
Treacheries of Cardinal Wolsey, Anne Boleyn and Thomas Cromwell
His emotions rather than his intellect was persuaded
silly goose
leading w his heart not his head
who tf would do that…
What r some values and attitudes of HVIII
probs not anything good. i mean…6 mf wives. come on
He was a conformist
Therefore not surprising he believed in women’s inferiority to men apart from when he was w Anne Boleyn
we luv a lil feminist
But he kept his belief on show when refoicing at Catherine’s death in 1536 after she refused to accept being ‘put aside’ during their marriage
kid switched tf up
Also believed in delegating work to servants so that he could relax and participate in activities
mf was colouring in while wolsey busting his ass to stop a french war
way to pick a king
What is a phrase used to describe why Henry was never fully prepared for his role as king after arthur died in the words of Miss Kay
He was the spare, not the heir
its giving wille
What was the title given to HVIII by the CC for his strong Catholic ethos
Defender of the Faith
Why was he called Defender of the Faith
In 1521, he was awarded the title for his defence of the Catholic Church against the threat of Martin Luther, a key figure in the Protestant Reformation
What r some personal beliefs of the king
Until Arthur died - HVIII brought up on code of chivalry (purpose was to become a knight b4 was to become king)
Wanted to b a warrior king like HV at Battle of Agincourt and wanted group of ‘warriors’ could trust like Arthur w knights at round table
Honour was of extreme importance
kid wanted to die in battle ig. how original
Who tf was Pope Clement VII
funny story bout mr clementine here
miss kay gave us hw to research the figure she designated to us
i got him
forgot abt it
researched him on prescilla’s computer within 30 seconds, memorised it and gave verbal presentation lmao
was a very stressful thursday morning 4 me
ANYHOO
Was Head and Ruler of Papal States (he was the pope u dumb shit)
Known as greatest pope of his time
go him ig
Despised HVIII due to separation with CC
He even sponsored completion of Sistine Chapel
He sponsored Michelangelo’s painting
Man was a Renaissance pope
a cool pope
a bold pope
He even imprisoned Charles V as he knew he was tryna dominate the CC and Italian states
so mf was alarmed
Sorry twas a long flashcard
Let’s hear some stuff bout Anne Boleyn
Was a queen. so theres that
B4 was a member of HVIII’s court. then kid fell 4 her. she was pretty n smart i cant blame him
Pregnant while HVIII still married to Catherine. man whore
Led to annulment to legitimise AB’s child in case was a boy. mf needed an heir desperately and mary sitting here punching the air right abt now
But was not a male heir. Twas Elizabeth. Go bad bitch go bad bitch go
Was accused of adultery and incest by Cromwell who hated her from the beginning. he just needed an excuse to chop her head off icl
Then was executed. sad
Who was Richard Foxe
Protestant humanist tutor of Edward VI. spoiler alert of next topic
Chief Minister
Was w HVII while in exile in Brittany so have shared trauma <3
Believed in diplomatic matters over the Church
Lost influence to Wolsey in 1511 w HVIII so bit irrelevant in this deck icl
Who was this Thomas More man
Childhood friend of HVIII that eventually got executed lmao
wAtCh yOur BAcK aVanIpopS. or should i say AVANI-POPS-IN-THE-COFFIN BAINS?!
Executed due to refusal to accept royal supremacy in Church
Wrote 1516 book Utopia #published_author
He was significant opposition to Protestant Reformation
Who was this Francis I man
King of France
Tried to expand French control in Italian states just like Charles
must’ve been an annoying french thing
He was heavily influenced by humanism and Italian artists
He encouraged French cultural development
Encouraged French exploration in ‘new world’ (America - they do b stuck in the past these days w their abortion laws and gun freedom. wtf)
Talk about Catherine of Aragon
ah one of my favourite wives of Henry
She a devout Catholic
5 yrs older than HVIII
Previously married to Arthur and then married Henry after conspiracy of consummation of marriage was overturned as she claimed she never slept w Arthur
Married to Henry for 24 yrs
Must’ve had a serious backbone 4 that shit icl
Gave birth to thee bloody Mary
Who was Charles V
HRE
Sacked Rome
Nephew of Catherine of Aragon, so strong ally and hated HVIII
Pope under his control
More interested in Italian States than England…tis why there was never a war
shame
we wouldve lost
very very badly
Who was thy Thomas Cranmer
so i can crack my fingers but cant finger my crack?!
we live in a society
sorry that was irrelevant
yet very relevant :l
Wrote Liturgy still used today
He was the Archbishop of Canterbury
The very 1st Protestant one
therefore a bad bishop ig…? i dont make the rules
Established basic English Church structures
Worked closely w HVIII and later Edward
NOT YET DONT STRESS URSELVES W THE LIL SHI THAT WAS EDVI
Helped get marriage annulled and aided w marriage to AB
CD
EF
sorry i got carried away i just rlly like the alphabet
gets me going u know
anyhoo
tHe SuN iS sHIninG
i swear im sober
I GO BANANAS WHENEVER U WANT ME
ANYHOO
how is u
Who is Cardinal Campeggio
u know its sad im supposed to b good at tutors but i have no idea who this parmegiano reggiano man is
but here’s what the sheet says <3
Cardinal protector of England
Twas the Pope’s representative whatever that is but probs a huge tudor slay at the time so go parmegiano reggiano <33
Was appointed by none other than Pope Clement VII to hear his annulment case who hopefully u know by now xx he do b my favourite satsuma
dO yOu knoW whAt’s CoMInG uP??!?!?!
CHRISTMAS
~avani, the love of my life
What was Wolsey often referred to as
‘Alter rex’, meaning other/second king
myself, on the other hand, are often referred to as t-rex for my short and stout arms that seems to whack myself in the face instead of the person im fighting u know due to their very short and stout nature
What was the Act in Restraint of Appeals
Stated foreign powers (eg. Pope) had no right to interfere in English matters
By making Parliament pass the Act rather than just declaring it by royal proclamation, Cromwell made it part of English statute law, something which could only be changed by another Act of Parliament
How many acts were passed between 1509 and 1531
203
How many acts were passed 1532 and 1540
333
Who are benefactors
People who donate to Church
What did Cranmer and Foxe assert about HVIII during the 3rd conciliar government
Kings of England had always enjoyed both a secular and spiritual authority over the Church
What did Wolsey think of the minions
TONIGHT VE STEAL ZA MOON
He didn’t like em and removed from Privy Chamber but they later recovered their positions
How did many historians see the changes Cromwell made to council
opposes our lil elton john man
His opponents did it to limit his power since if Privy Council became efficient they would make all important decisions without him
is this a stab in the back cos im smelling adolf
How did Cromwell change parliament’s role in government
Increased it by lowering Church role
He believed in statue law>any other law, especially canon (Church law)
twas the highest in the land
What did Elton call Cromwell
his lil sugary bitch
close
“the country’s first parliamentary statesman”
so practically the same thing
What were the main changes to the Privy Council made w lil Cromwell
he prefers to go by lil crommy crom these days
we owe him that much
Reduced to only 20 men
Chosen to have specific responsibility in specialised departments
Makes more efficient
Twas a revolution in goverment
Gone w the medieval in w the modern
just like my new pEniS
What were the major points for Parliament during the reign
Continued to grant extraordinary revenue n pass laws
Wolsey no use much but Cromwell did
Cromwell exploited em
Allowed for establishment of Royal Supremacy thru obviously the Act of Supremacy
How was the role of the Privy Chamber changed
Role of it was extended and transformed
‘Gentleman of the Privy Chamber’ were introduced, enjoyed Henry’s personal favour
HVIII surrounded himself w like-minded courtiers
Wosley tried to neutralise it in 1519 but was unsuccessful. awww was someone a lil jelly
Thus remained out of Wolsey’s immediate control
What was the 1536 Act of Union w Wales all about
Divided Wales into shires (counties)
Brought Wales into the same legal framework as England
Name the 3 counties in England that had separate jurisdictions from em
Lancashire
Durham
Cheshire
i wud honestly b surprised if u knew any of these
What happened to the council in the north following the Pilgrimmage of Grace
Permanent body professionally staffed
so u know twould not happen twagain
i believe this is how they spoke in tudor times
What changed in terms of local gov in dis reign
Increase in number of JPs
Consequently this increased number of those who participated in local administration
did someone say THE BUTTERFLY EFFECT
Other members of gentry were drawn into unpaid administration of behalf of crown
i personally wud not let this but k
Increasingly local administration carried out by laymen not clergymen
DAMMNN THEY DO B GETTING CALLED OUT 4 CORRUPTION N WHATNOT
What was the Anne Boleyn faction
She hated Wolsey
some say she was anti-wolsey
Had greatly seduced HVIII so had influence on him thru LUST
Was Protestant so further made HVIII wanted to convert country to Protestantism
What do some argue was the cause of Wolsey’s downfall, not the annulment
His arrogance and treason
tbh a fair argument icl
What 2 battles did HVIII win in 1513 that set the tone for him to be a lil warmonger
Flodden
Spurs
What peaceful thing happened between France and England in June 1520
The Field of the Cloth of Gold
Show off wealth
Look all wealthy n shit
Friendly competition
Shows harmonious love
they might as well give each other blows at this point
Twas fine dining and entertainment
Held near Calais under English control
Estimated that event cost HVIII’s royal treasury about £15k
who got that kinda cash lying around
well
probably a king
ok that was a stupid q
move on pls
What parts of government did Wolsey make more efficient
Court of Star Chamber
Court of Chancery
What was a medieval form of government like (to then compare to Cromwell’s modern one ive acc got a plan u lil shits)
Financial administration that was based on the king’s chamber
Extended use of king’s seal
Use of individual advisers as opposed to a council
NOW
Describe the modernised version of gov initiated by Thomas Cromwell
Based on a bureaucracy staffed by capable people who worked to a series of rules and procedures
Departments were created that dealt w specifics associated w department only and those specifics
What did Cromwell believe his new governmental revolution would do
let me tell u
but first
pour me a cup of tea
n bring in the hoes
If this system ran well, it would end dominance of any one person as no single person would be able to control a properly run bureaucracy that was governed by procedures n rules
now
after all my efforts
WHERE TF R MY HOES
What is a bureaucracy
A system of government in which most of the important decisions are taken by state officials rather than by elected representatives
cheeky cheeky
What were the 2 major reforms in gov made by Cromwell
Bureaucratic model
Changes to the Privy Council
Describe how bureaucracy was a reform
Departments received money from pre-defined sources (no overlapping) and paid out for reasons that had to be sanctioned first
Each department was vigorously audited (checking things r legitimate/above board) QUICK HIDE THE COKE
What 2 departments were created to look after Henry’s income from the Church following the dissolution of the monasteries
Court of Augmentations
Court of First Fruits and Tenths
What was the Court of First Fruits and Tenths
Collected from clergy benefices
Stated clergy had to pay a portion of their first year’s income (known as annates) and a 1/10 of their revenue annually thereafter to the crown
i do not have that kind of money so i will pay u in goats
do u take 1/10 of goat currency?
What was the Court of Augmentation
One of the financial courts
Administered monastic properties and revenues confiscated by the crown at the dissolution of the monasteries
Describe how the Privy Council was reformed by Cromwell
Before = council made up of up to 100 men to advise king, very few of them attended meetings and system usually ended up w 1 strong man dominating (i like the sound of that), such as Wolsey
New = made up of 20 men who were specifically chosen to have responsibility for the day-to-day running of gov, therefore no individual could dominate it as they each had to ‘hold their own’
What is the revenue paid to the Pope, basically Church taxes
Annates
listen here come here a lil closer
whisper
i aint a genius but aint the pope supposed to b a charitable lil friend not a guy takin handouts
What was the collection of documents that tried to justify Henry’s divorce on historical and legal principles
Collectanea satis copiosa
i wouldnt have guessed that
but its ok
ill cry abt it later
ANYHOO ANOTHER
Who wrote anti-clerical satire that weakened the CC in England
Edward Foxe
whoever tf that was
was he…foxy?!
Who did Wolsey replace the groom of stool to his own supporter so he could try to control the Privy Chamber cos the guy who wiped the king’s ass was legit the head of the Privy Chamber
what a shit job…GET IT?!
Henry Norris
Which historian emphasises that HVIII liked to have an overview of his government but he was happy to let others do the mundane work for him
idk but it for sure wasnt me
Eric Ives
Which historian blames Wolsey himself for his own fall from power and what did he call him
John Guy
‘arrogant and insenistive’, especially in his dealings w Parliament
damn he was not pro-woles holes
Which Bible book contained the prohibition on a man marrying his brother’s widow
‘The Story of the Brother Fucker’
nah jk
twas Leviticus
Who denied Royal Supremacy that was resulted in his execution for treason
Thomas More
Childhood friend of HVIII
WATCH OUT AVANIPOPS
Who was the Pope’s envoy that was sent to hear the annulment case against Catherine of Aragon
Cardinal Campeggio
What did Wolsey use to raise extraordinary revenue for the war in France
Tudor subsidy
its lattice
What was the Supplication of the Ordinaries
-Clergy not allowed to enact Church law without Royal permission
-Existing Church law to be examined by a royal commission
-HVIII complains clergy only gives him 50% loyalty as they also owe allegiance to the Pope
Who was the last Catholic Archibishop of Canterbury whose death eased HVIII’s path to appoint Thomas Cranmer (his supporter) as the new Protestant Archbishop?
Elishka Bains
NO BUT CLOSE
William Warham
What was the Act Annexing the First Fruits and Tenths
Meant Church taxes were now to be paid to the King
can i have some of that or is there a criteria?? idm signing a couple forms or smth
Who became very influential at the end of HVIII’s reign
Edward Seymour
Jane Seymour’s brother
Who would go on to be Lord Protector of Edward VI (Duke of Somerset)
What was the name of the 2 places that HVIII captured as a result of the Battle of the Spurs
Thérouanne (town)
Tournai (city)
What eventually happened to Therouanne and Tournai
Lost by England
Thérouanne being given to Maximillian almost immediately
Tournai being given back to France in 1518 cos twas too expensive to keep
Therefore in the end HVIII lost more in Spurs than he had gained
What nickname was later given to England’s position in European politics during his reign
Third Fiddle
Behind France(&HRE) and Spain
What was the Act for the Advancement of True Religion
It restricted the reading of the Bible to clerics, noblemen, the gentry and richer merchants
What was the significance of the Act for the Advancement of True Religion
Shows HVIII’s Catholic roots despite publishing Protestant Bible in English
Still Defender of the Faith
Inconsistency in religious changes
Why was Parliament still fundamentally the same since HVII
Still dependent on the King
Could not call or dissolve itself
When Parliament was not sitting the King could still govern by Proclamation
How did Wolsey try to reform the systems of finance in order to fund HVIII’s foreign campains
In 1522 organised a national survey to assess who could pay tax and how much
He proposed a flexible ‘subsidy’ based on income rather than property
Also introduced 1525 Amicable Grant to tax Church and ordinary taxpayers based on value of their property
WHAT IF IM LIVING OUT OF A VAN?!
Why did Wolsey’s attempt at reforming finance not work
Subsidy did not raise as much as he hoped
Amicable Grant provoked the only serious rebellion in the first 1/2 of HVIII’s reign (they never saw PoG coming did they)
People were given just 10 weeks to pay additional taxation and more and more regions began to demand exemption from payment
HVIII had to step in to suspend the tax, which was an embarrassment to both him and Wolsey
did someone say daddy son issues?!
What is PoG often referred to as
The largest Tudor Rebellion in History
w about 35-40k ppl rebelling
but was it rlly THAT big
dont trust anyone or anything…
How was the Pilgrimmage of Grace ultimately dismissed
Duke of Norfolk sent to deliver empty promise that monasteries would b restored even though the rebels far outnumbered the army
n them dumb fucks believed it and tried to mf play it off….”we didnt rlly mean all that. twas 4 the shits and gigs mate ciao”
Where did James IV die
Battle of Flodden, 1513
Why did HVIII fuck up after James IV death @ Battle of Flodden
Infant James V now monarch
Could’ve easily killed him n taken over Scotland
ik its dark but im being serious. its in the textbook
Who was Erasmus
Dutch Scholar
Pro-humanism
Who was John Colet
English scholar
Renaissance humanist
Called CC out for corruption
Erasmus fond of him
What was anti-clericalism
Opposition to religious authority, typically in social or political matters
Mainly been opposing CC clergy cos of corruption
What was the lollardy/lollards
Pro-Protestant Christian religious movement
What and who were the Oxford Refomers
Anthony Bridgerton
no
i mean maybe
Men such as John Colet and Linacre who were the first amongst the English scholars to adopt humanist ideas/approaches
Who was Martin Luther
German monk who challenged CC’s teaching of salvation in 1517
His challenge broadened into an attack on papal supremacy
Gained support of many secular rulers in Germany who withdrew their territories from allegiance to Catholicism
Who is regarded as the best example of a corrupt clergyman
Cardinal Wolsey
who knew
i mean i did
He had a wife and kids
There’s a start
What r some examples of little change to the Church
Hierarchy of Church remained rather intact
Little attempts to alter interior of Churches
Services remained largely traditional in form tho obvi what they worshipped was different
Passing of Act of 6 Articles 1539 miraculously found the 4 other sacraments under the coffee table
Fall of Cromwell 1540 weakened cause of reform
Services still in Latin
Music still played in cathedrals and collegiate church
rIP oFF mY SHiRt iF yOU LoVE mE
What were the Royal Injunctions of 1536 and 1538
Attacked idolatry, pilgrimages and other ‘superstitions’ The lesser monasteries were closed in 1536
Remaining monasteries were dissolved over the next few years
Those men and women who resisted the closures were imprisoned or hanged
Now here’s the big question we’ve all been waiting for…
Why did Henry want a mf divorce?
Son (heir to the throne)
Got bored of Catherine ig he literally got irritated of her
Was falling for Anne Boleyn and got her preggo
Knew that if her kid was a boy could b legitimate heir to throne so needed to marry her ASAP
What was the First Act of Annates
Banned payment of annates to Rome
Also threatened bishops could be consecrated by English authorities
What was the Submission of the Clergy
Clergy accepted King and not Pope as their lawmaker
Thomas More resigned the following day
GOOD ON HIM
cud never b me tho
the money mutsve been good
What was the Act in Restraint of Appeals to Rome
Based on Collectanea Satis Capiosa
lEVIoSArrr
Began work of transferring papal powers to king
King now supreme head of Church in England
Rome had no power to rule over matrimonial cases - Cranmer delcares HVIII’s marriage w Catherine as null and void
HVIII’s marriage to Anne was declared as valid
What was the Second Act of Annates
Confirmed the 1st act of annates
Abbots and bishops were in future to be appointed by King and not Pope
kind of a useless act if u ask me but alr MOVING SWIFTLY ON
What was the Act to Stop Peter’s Pence
Abolished payment of taxation to Rome
What was the First Act of Succession
Registered marriage to Catherine as invalid
Replaced w marriage to Anne
Crown now to pass to HVIII and Anne’s children
Nation had to take oath upholding their marriage
Was a treasonable offence to attac/deny marriage
What was the Act of Supremacy
str8forward idk why i made this flaschard
Made him Supreme Head of Church
i will hit myself now
What was the Treason Act
Listed several treasonable crimes
U WOULDNT FUCKIN THINK
Treason could now be defined as intent expressed in word as well in deed (in simpler terms - what u said could land u in as much trouble as what u did)
What was the Act for Dissolution of Lesser Monasteries
Smaller monasteries (worth under 200 quid) were closed down
easy enuf
What was the Act of 10 Articles
7 sacraments reduced to 3 (baptism, Eucharist and penance)
What were some of the things mentioned in the Royal Injunctions of 1536 and 1538
-Define Royal Supremacy in sermons
-Abandon pilgrimages
-Give money for educational purposes to teach kids
What were some of the stuff mentioned in the Royal Injunctions of 1538
-English Bible to be placed in all parishes within 2 yrs
-All births, marriages and deaths registered in every parish idk what this got to do w these injections but here we r
-People to b actively discouraged by pilgrimages
-Relics removed from churches (rejection of purgatory)
How was John Lambert a display of HVIII’s Catholic devotion in 1538
He executed him for his rejection of transubstantiation, a Catholic belief
Woman named Anne Askew was also burnt
seems to b quite the trend of the 16th century
ANOTHER
What was the name of the document that was presented to Duke of Norfolk at Doncaster (PoG) of the grievances that caused the rebellion
why i want to bed u
nah but i wud in tudors the series. henry cavill plays him <3
The 24 Articles
What was a potential cause of PoG to do with tin
HVIII was about to order all parish churches to hand over their silver to the government and that they would be replaced w tin ones
What was a potential cause of PoG to do with rites of passage
Rumour spread that a tax was going to be placed on rites of passage baptism, marriage and burial
Would have made financially pressed families feel even more financially vulnerable
been there done that bought the t-shirt stuck the magnet on the fridge
What was another potential cause of PoG to do with food for the poor
Rumour that poorer classes were to be forbidden to eat certain types of food
not to b that person or anything
but poor ppl cant eat much food @ that time anyway
so whats a lil less specific type of fish gon do
What is believed to be the main cause of PoG
Religious
The change from Catholicism to Protestantism
Who was the leader of PoG
Robert Aske
How many small monasteries had been affected in Lincolnshire and Yorkshire by the Protestant Reformation
Over 100
What were some economic grievances that the rebels had that may have caused the PoG
Rent increases seem to have been primary cause of some ‘commoners’
Historians downplay that rent increases were all over country, not just in north
Here’s an unscripted question
would u join the PoG
tbh i dont think id care much 4 the causes but id do it for the shits n gigs
thats a lie id have severe FOMO
Why were some nobles in PoG
They believed their traditional feudal rights were being eroded and replaced w more modern methods that they thought undermined the power that they believed was theirs by right
Who was the blame for the erosion of local power put on
Thomas Cromwell
Why did PoG occur in the north
More radicalised and hostile towards gentry
More conservative and further from centre of power
What were some social grievances of PoG
Class antagonism
Imposing Duke of Suffolk upon Lincolnshire as great magnate
What was the Captain Poverty movement
Character they signed grievances off of
Showed class antagonism
Economic grievances
Symbol of PoG
What was the rallying symbol of PoG put on banners as they marched
The 5 Wounds of Christ
What were the Pontefract Articles
Sometimes called the 24 Articles or the York Manifesto
Comprehensive set of rebel demands and incorporate range of grievances given to Duke of Norfolk sent to diffuse rebellion
How did the PoG impact the course of religious reform
mwhahaha tis a trick question
Did not acc slow down the rate of religious reform
Only shook HVIII as so many ppl were against it but other than that was merely just a good solid leg day workout 4 the rebels a 10/10 from me
What was the Bishops Book Act of 1537
Forced parishioners to accept religious change
Why was HVIII awarded the title of Defender of the Faith
Wrote a book against Martin Luther’s words against CC
What is a key point about the cover page of the Great Bible
Henry seen bigger and greater than God in sky small above him
Henry seen handing out scriptures
Why did Elizabeth BArton oppose HVIII relgiious reform
Had prophecies in her visions that if HVIII divorced he should no longer b the king of his realm and should die a villain’s death
hviii stronger than me i wouldve fucked off to the hills by then
Was there ever rlly a huge threat to the relgious reform
PoG maybe but didnt slow course of change so nah
Was a constant potential threat of a Catholic European ivasion but that never happened either
What was the Holy League
Joined England, Spain, HRE and Venice into anti-French alliance
Who manipulated HVIII
Shrewd father-in-law Ferdinand of Aragon and HRE Maximillian
USed his 10k men army to sothwest France as a diversionary tactic while he successfully conquered Navarre
mean
What was the 1518 Treaty of London
Non-aggression pact between the major European states
Signatories were Burgundy, France, England, the Holy Roman Empire, the Netherlands, the Papal States and Spain, all of whom agreed not to attack one another and to come to the aid of any that were under attack
i think its safe to say it didnt work
What was the League of Schmalkalden
ASK ELISHKA TO TEACH U TO PRONOUNCE IT IT TOOK HER FOREVER TO LEARN AND MISS KAY IS REAL PROUD OF HERR
Military alliance of Lutheran princes (German) within the HRE
Originated as a defensive religious alliance, w members pledging to defend each other if their territories were to b attacked by Charles V (HRE)
What was the Treaty of Cambrai 1529
Agreement ending one phase of the wars between Francis I of France and the Habsburg Holy Roman emperor Charles
notice how it says one phase of em
cos they were greedy lil shites
What was the Battle of Solway Moss 1542
England invades Scotland
England vs Scotland
England won
all u need to know tbh
Did HVIII maintain links w the Netherlands
Yes
English cloth trade depended very heavily on the Antwerp cloth market
What was the Treaty of the More 1525
Between England and France
Negotiated by Wolsey England, agreed to give up some territorial claims on France, in return a substantial pension from the French
What was HVIII constantly threatened by between France and Scotland
The Auld Alliance
What was the Truce of NIce 1538
Declaration of a 10-year truce between Francis I of France and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
What did HVIII capture in terms of land in 1544
Boulogne
French town
What did the peerage increase by by the end of his reign
9
Why did the peerage only increase by 9 by the end of the reign
Natural wastage (death bitch)
What were palatinates
Separate jurisdictions, such as Durham, Lancashire and Cheshire
What had come into commercialisation (idk if thats the right word) in ctrade
Woolen cloth
Very profitable for England’s economy
Did the population grow during his reign
Yes
Caused a strain on supply of food
Approximately how many gentry families were there in England 1540
5000
What is a good way of saying there was a lot of causes of PoG that I found on a random sheet that u couldnt possibly guess
A myriad of complex motives
What was the Hunne Case
Richard Hunne was an English merchant tailor in the City of London during the early years of the reign of Henry VIII
After a dispute with his priest, Hunne sought to use the English common law courts to challenge the church’s authority
Church officials reacted by arresting him for trial in an ecclesiastical court on the capital charge of heresy
In December 1514, while awaiting trial, Richard Hunne was found dead in his cell, and murder by church officials was suspected. His death caused widespread anger against the clergy, and months of political and religious turmoil followed
and ofc i got this from wikiedia but issok
sorry ik twas long but as a storyteller i had to set the mf scene <3
How much had Wolsey attempted to raise via the Amicable Grant and what did this lead to
£800k
An Amicable Uprising
About how many peace treaties was England involved in between 1509-47 and what does this show
12+
Inconsistencies in FP and relations w countries constantly changed
Why did HVIII marry Anne of Cleves despite her being Catholic
Saw it as useful insurance policy after 6 Articles Act 1539
Why did HVIII have very few concers over Ireland
Still had control of Pale
9th Earl of Kildare (current one at time, obvi not rn) was an English courtier
How did Wolsey try to weaken position of Charles V and why it no work
Made anti-Imperial alliance w French at Treaty of Amiens 1527
Pressured Charles by imposing trade embargo (NOT ANOTHER ONE) w Burgundian lands
But retaliation created widespread unemployment and social problems in England so Wolsey had to back down
What were the 2 terms that made ppl believe HVIII’s FP was inconsistent
Warmonger (influenced by Cromwell and himself when he was younger) and peacemaker (Wolsey’s influence)
What were 2 consequences of HVIII running out of money in end of 1514
Couldn’t take advantage of James IV death by campaign against Scotland on infant James V
Sought peace w France thru weirdo marriage between Mary and Louis, but was short-lived cos the ancient bastard mf died
What treaty left England dagernously isolatedd
Treaty of Cambrai between Charles V and Max HRE
Why did HVIII side w Charles over Francis in 1521
Could improve his relations w Pope (wanted to help reduce French control over northern Italy)
Believed he might gain more territory in France
What battle did Charles defeat the French in
The Battle of Pavia 1525
How had HVIII once again been isolated from Charles and Francis
Truce of Nice
Buried their differences
How was HVIII’s FP by the end of his reign
Agressive
Attacks Scotlan and France
Could’ve launched full-scale invasion on Scotland along w small one in 1542 but main focus was France but neither him nor France could afford to further conflict of Siege of Boulogne and Charles V more itnerested in Italian States anyway
What religion was HVIII’s fav wife
Catholic shows his deep roots as defender of faith
Gave him a son
But she died 12 days after childbirth by infection
Was the Treaty of Etaples renewed
Yes
In 1510
In 1510, the councillors of Henry VIII renewed the treaty and sought a continuation of peace
Also got a pension
What was the Treaty of Greenwich of 1543
Scots made peace and agreed to a marriage between the infant Queen Mary and Prince Edward, Henry VIII’s heir, which would lead to a union of the kingdoms
What was the Battle of Ancrum Moor
Twas w France
England lost
Twas in 1545
Twas a great embarrassment
do better hviii
AND U R DONE CONGRATSSS
WHOOP WHOOP
~MISS KAY
