HVII - Main Info Flashcards
To corroborate
To support
Historiography
Historian’s opinions/the methods of writing history
Where was Henry VII’s royal blood from?
His mother, Margaret Beaufort, was a descendant of Edward III
What was Henry’s side in the War of Roses?
He was Lancastrian, but TRICK QUESTION: he did not want the war and so publicly supported no one
What was the state of the country in the time of Henry VII?
Conflict (civil war) of the Wars of the Roses (white Yorkist vs red Lancastrian)
Name some characteristics of Henry VII
-Pertinacious memory
-Wise
-Brave
-Tall and slender, but well-built
-Known to have an attractive and cheerful face
-Cavity-filled teeth, few and blackish
How was Henry VII crowned king?
On 22nd August 1485, at the Battle of Bosworth, in Milford Haven, Henry killed Yorkist King Richard III, and so placed the crown on his head found in a thorn bush
What was Henry’s main objective once becoming king?
Uniting the Lancastrians and Yorkists by marrying Elizabeth of York to make a red and white rose (Tudor Rose)
What was Henry’s main successes in his reign?
-Established a new dynasty after 30 years of struggle (Tudor)
-Strengthened the judicial system as well as the treasury
-Successfully denied all other claimants to his throne
-Left fairly secure and very wealthy monarchy
What did Henry die of?
Tuberculosis
What was the population of England in the time of Henry’s reign?
3 million
What was the % or rural to urban land in England?
90% rural, 10% urban
How long did Henry ruled for?
1/4 of a century
What was the livestock mostly farmed in hilly areas?
Cattle
Sheep
Pigs
Why was enclosure a concern for the poor?
Because they could eat the food for free in the fields as an open space to grow crops and feed
With enclosure, the land would be private and they could no longer do this
What was the attempted anti-enclosure law in 1489?
Since villagers were unhappy with increasing enclosure, since the farmed sheep were profitable, an attempt to pass an enclosure act to stop its spread was attempted, but failed
In Henry’s reign, how much had enclosed land increased by?
Only <3%
What was England’s main industry?
Cloth
How much of England’s exports was cloth responsible for?
90%
Where was England’s cloth mainly exported to?
Netherlands
Spain
Venice
Holy Roman Empire
Who controlled the cloth industry and why did Henry encourage it?
The Merchant Adventurers - because it brought money to the crown
Controlled export of finished cloth
Where did the best quality of cloth come from?
Western England (Welsh borders)
What was the Great Chain of Being?
Structural hierarchy system from medieval Christianity, believed to have been decreed by God, placing all matter of life into its place
Outline the Great Chain of Being
King (ruled under God)
Clergy
Nobles
Merchants
Commoners
Servants
Paupers
What was the role of the clergy?
Preach obedience and played as powerful governmental ally
Who were the nobles?
With just over 50 in number, nobles owned a lot of land and had a powerful influence over loyalties
King relied on their support to maintain law and order (especially primogeniture)
What were commoners’ main issue?
Enclosure and other changes in agriculture
How many earls did Henry create and what are they?
3 - a special honour to those loyal and supportive to him during his reign
How many ordained clergy and monks/nuns were there?
35,000 ordained clergy
10,000 monks/nuns
Was the Catholic Church wealthy?
Yes, owned 1/3 of land with considerable wealth
Who was the Pope?
Head of the Church
What is the Papacy?
Court of law
What is the Papal Curia?
Court of appeal
What did 1500s English people accept about the Catholic Church?
-Clergy active in community service spiritually
-Only formally ordained appointed priests conducted services by Latin Bible to interpret for listeners
-Submit to Church and complete 7 sacraments
-Save soul by regularly attending Church
What was the most common building across England?
Churches (the ‘social fabric’ of the community)
What fraction of English parishes were built/re-built during the 1400s?
2/3
Did people respect the Catholic Church?
Yes - respected and supported Church with gifts, jewels, etc
UNTIL
Henry VIII wants a divorce
What were the consequences of Henry VIII’s divorce scandal?
-Lead to reformation
-Focus changes to criticising the Church
With power came corruption, so some clergy were…
Absent from parishes
Immoral
Pluralists
Ignorant (didn’t recite the Lord’s prayer)
What was Professor A.G Dickens’ view on the criticism of the CC?
Due to faults and shortcomings that existed in some parishes
What have more recent historians concluded about the criticism of the CC?
Shortcomings were nothing new since the Church was primarily political
What has the Church been doing since the Norman Conquest?
Operated its own laws to try crimes involving priests/breaches of doctrine
Still active in 1400s but medieval kings did best to weaken power and Church independence
Which members of the Church sat in the House of Lords?
Bishops and Abbots, since Churchmen were highly educated individuals (skills as administrators valued)
Why did Henry work with the Church?
Powerful ally in case claim to the throne was challenged
What did Henry commission during the Renaissance?
New palace to be built at Richmond
New chapel built in Westminster Abbey (where he and Elizabeth are buried)
What arts did Henry encourage?
Music, writing and poetry - his own children received education reflecting the Renaissance
Who is Polydore Vergil?
Individual instructed by Henry to write a history of England up to Tudor rule
Why did humanists become involved in religious debate?
-Disturbed by poor quality of Parish clergy
-Wanted to improve their education standard
-Upset by exploitation of money in indulging for luxurious lifestyles, rather than promoting charitable works
Name some medieval humanist scholars/authors
Plato
Aristotle
Plutarch
What idea was reinforced by William Melton (Cambridge scholar)?
The shortcomings of Church were leading souls away from God
Who was Erasmus and what did he advocate?
-Dutch Humanist Scholar
-Advocated inward faith, with prayer and reflection, with focus example being Jesus
Who was Erasmus fond of?
-John Colet (English priest), who delivered lectures about St Paul’s clergy corruption
-John Skelton, who became tutor for Henry VIII
What did Erasmus’ book “The Adages” involve?
Made Roman proverbs relevant to his time, urging all to live good and with wisdom
Which king encouraged the printing press?
Edward IV
What did the printing press do?
Printed books in English for all to read, not just in Latin which only clergy and members of the Church could understand
What did the printing press help with?
The spread of new ideas and information, though early books in English were mainly myths
What was the main myth found in early books in English?
Thomas Malroy’s ‘King Arthur’
What did Henry VII and Henry VIII have in common?
Both showed little interest in new thinking and knowledge from the printing press
Preferred chivalrous stories over humanist publications
What did Henry VII’s creation of the King’s Printer encourage?
-Gentry and noble classes to read and assimilate wider culture
-More and more books published, expensively bought and shared (books physically and info orally)
-England becomes more literate nation
-Cultural Renaissance of Elizabeth’s reign
What was Richard III widely held responsible for?
The deaths of the Princes in the Tower (young Prince Edward V and Richard, Duke of York), his nephews
Why did Henry VII need to summon Parliament from time to time?
To get support, grant taxes and make laws
What is humanism?
Cultural and educational movement which emphasised the potential of mankind
What is a magnate?
Member of greater nobility e.g. noblemen, clergy, etc
Consolidated power through marriage and family links
What is primogeniture?
Inheritance law meaning property (estates) passed to eldest son or nearest male relative
What is arable farming?
Farming which produced crops using basic tools
Who were attainders?
The loss of rights when a man was convicted by parliament of treason or any other serious crime
Applied to man’s heir’s too and meant loss of family estate
What is the bastard line of descent?
A claim to the throne through illegitimate ancestors
Who is a cardinal?
One of the senior officials of the Catholic Church
What are custom duties?
Money paid on goods entering/leaving the country
What is dei gratia?
By the will/grace of God
What is enclosure?
Rearranging open fields into separated from each other by fences or hedges
What is feudalism and who introduced it?
System meaning the King owned all the land and distributed it among loyal servants; in return, attended court, provided armies & ran administration at central and local government
Introduced by William the Conquerer (Normans after 1066)
Medieval system
What is bastard feudalism?
When land was no longer the reward for military or other service, but services exchanged for money not land
Is an explanation of Wars of the Roses (social structure)
What were indulgences?
Roman Catholic belief that they could reduce time spent in purgatory if they purchased one (usually money given to the Church)
What is the Papacy?
Pope, Head of the Church, supreme authority over spiritual matters
Also recognised as a Court of Law
What is patronage?
Monarch granting land, gifts, offices or special favours to groups of people in order to retain their support (king becomes their patron)
What is poundage?
Taxes on exports
What is tunnage?
Taxes on imports
What is a royal progress?
A king’s journey around the country to meet his subjects
What is the meaning of ‘Rex est Lex’ and ‘Lex est Rex’?
Latin maxim - ‘the king is the law’ and ‘the law is the king’
What is a statute?
Laws passed by an Act of parliament
What is ‘retaining’?
Employing and maintaining servants
What is the Roman Curia?
Central government of Roman CC
What is a schism?
Literally ‘break’
England’s break with the Pope in Rome due to Henry VIII’s divorce
What is the Council Learned in Law?
Assumed control of all financial matters relating to Crown lands, investigated and judged cases of noblemen not paying their dues to the king
What is usurpation?
The seizure of the throne
Richard, Duke of Gloucester, was to take the throne from the rightful King, Edward V
What is the meaning of ecclesiastical?
Relating to Christian Church and clergy
Name some things that continued from 1485 to 1603
-Rich/Poor difference, increased due to increased income from noble-landed property and gentry
-England’s economy still dominated by internal trade (agriculture still key to internal survival)
-Cloth industry still dominating
-Political structure
Name some things that changed from 1485 to 1603
-Support of CC went to its disappearance and criticism, along with its social and charitable institutions
-1485 England = small, European political player -> 1603 = major European power, beginning its world-domination process
-Becoming more ordered society by nobility flight from discomfort but secure medieval castles -> country houses of easy and comfort
-Monarchy changed 5x by force during 1400s, but was recovered under Tudor power where people enjoyed Edward I and II’s reigns
What national origin is the Tudor name?
Welsh
Why can much of the Tudor success be credited to the Welsh?
-Numerous in Henry VII’s army in Milford Haven
-Henry’s Welsh ancestry helped him recruit support of crucial military consituency
Who were the Welsh magnates who were the core force which faced Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth?
-Rhys Ap Thomas
-Jasper Tudor
What did Henry do in honour of the Welshmen who vastly contributed to his success at the Battle of Bosworth?
Named his first son Arthur, a Welsh name
What were the almost-immediate consequences of the decisive Battle of Bosworth?
-Henry took possession of London and summoned parliament
-Henry backdated his reign to the day before the Battle of Bosworth
Why did Henry backdate the start of his reign to the day before the Battle of Bosworth?
It was a legislative sleight of hand which enabled him to pass an ‘act of attainder’ against those who opposed him on Richard’s side at the battle (putting it under prosecuted treason)
What is an Act of Attainder?
A statute declaring named individuals guilty of treason and subjecting them to a range of penalties (most importantly, confiscation of all property)
How were the Yorkists told to demonstrate their loyalty to Henry after the Battle of Bosworth?
Were thronged to attend Henry’s coronation
What were the two reasons that Henry married Elizabeth of York?
-To join the conflicting dynasties to prevent further civil wars
-To add to perceived legitimacy of their children
Why was winning the Battle of Bosworth not enough sanction for Henry to accept himself as king?
Because of dei gratia - he wanted spport of the Papal Curia (power of CC) and wanted to finalise his idea of God making his decision to be king in the battle
How many legs was Henry’s Royal proogress?
3
Why did Henry set out on a 3-leg royal progress?
-To display himself in person as king
-To gain support across the nation
What was included in Henry’s 1st leg?
BONES AND MUSCLES
HAHA JOKING
Up north to York, Cambridge, Lincoln, Nottingham, Doncaster
What was included in Henry’s 2nd leg?
Midlands to Bristol
Nottingham
Birmingham
Worcester
Gloucester
What was involved in Henry’s 3rd leg?
Country down Thames Valley to London
Abingdon, Westminster by June
Who were Viscount Lovell, Humphrey Stafford and Thomas Stafford?
Gentlemen who availed themselves of ecclesiastical sanctuary after fighting for Richard at Battle of Bosworth
Were captured, broke out and tried to raise support against Henry in Yorkshire and Worcestershire
What did Henry do with the councillors after he became king?
He replaced those close to Richard, but kept the majority of them since they had experience
What was Henry’s foreign policy with France?
Had a short-term truce with France, omitting any reference to French claim
What did Henry do to the Earls of Warwick and Lincoln?
Imprisoned Warwick
Let Lincoln join council
How did Henry control the north after they were known to side with Richard at the Battle of Bosworth?
The government of York was left in the hands of local lords
How did Henry resolve France trying to invade Brittany (independent)?
Use army to put down rebellions to invade Brittany
How did Henry avoid danger from France?
He mounted a limited invasion
How did Henry get back at Perkin Warbeck’s attempt to make a great claim for the throne?
Banned British trade with the Netherlands
How did Henry deal with the Cornish Rebellion?
He lead an army himself to stop them and crushed the rebels, killing around 1000 in total
What did Henry do to Warbeck and Warwick?
Had both of them executed
How did Henry deal with the Rebellion of an Irish boy being crowned king of England by playing one of Edward IV’s nephews?
Raised troops immediately and imprisoned Simnel
What did Henry do to Earl of Oxford after he raised his own private army, appearing as an indirect potential threat to Henry?
Charged him with breaking the law (no private armies)
What does it mean to consolidate power?
To secure position in power
What were some weaknesses of Henry as king?
-Avaricious (greedy)
-Kept his distance
What did Henry rule with?
Sober statesmanship (clear vision, aware)
What are some differences between characteristics of 21st century monarch against Tudor monarch?
21st century = peaceful, constitutional, less involved, reserved
Tudor = brave, bloodthirsty, dominant, Catholic, exercising power and opinion freely, ‘The king is the law and the law is the king’
What did Henry learn from the Wars of the Roses?
-Importance of strong allies
-Factionalism is not the way forward, puts country at constant risk of civil war
-Wars cause economical crises
-Peace is vital
What was the Sir William Stanley conspiracy and what resulted from it?
-Henry’s spies said he had contact with Warbeck and conspiring with him, and so was charged and arrested
-Was hung for treason
Did Lord Lovell and the Staffords have support within England in their rebellion against Henry?
Mostly northern, since it was on behalf of Richard Yorkist supporters in north riding of Yorkshire
What was the result of the Lovell and Stafford rebellion?
-Lovell escaped captivity
-Humphrey Stafford captured and executed
-Thomas Stafford pardoned
What happened regarding Lambert Simnel and Earl of Lincoln?
-Simnel figurehead of Yorkist opposition, convincing people he was the young Earl of Warwick
-Support from Margaret o Burgundy
-John de la Pole (Earl of Lincoln) organised the whole thing
What was the result of the pretender Simnel as Earl of Warwick?
-Real Earl of Warwick revealed from Tower imprisonment, humiliating Lincoln
-Simnel becomes cook in Henry’s kitchen
-Battle of Stoke
Why is the Battle of Stoke Field considered as a turning point in history?
-Considered last battle of Wars of the Roses
-Lord Lovell & Lincoln commanded Yorkist side
-Henry’s Royal forces commanded by Earl of Oxford
-Yorkists lose, rebellion ends
What caused the Yorkshire Rebellion?
-Henry made subjects angry by increasing taxation due to foreign wars
-Anger made them murder key figure Earl of Northumberland
How did Henry deal with the rebellion?
-Dealt with it quickly
-Kept it contained
-Stopped taxation on foreign wars
Who was the infamous Perkin Warbeck?
-Man who used his charisma to convince many he was Richard, Duke of York
-Convinced King of France, Margaret of Burgundy and James IV of Scotland (foreign support, patronage)
-Persistent for 8 years and was constant thorn in Henry’s side
How did Henry end Warbeck’s little throne games?
Confined him in Tower and then had him executed
Why was the conspiracy of Sir William Stanley working with Warbeck against Henry such a shock and pain to Henry?
-Worked in heart of government, important courtier
-Was Henry’s step-uncle
-William and other Stanleys fought on Henry’s side at Battle of Bosworth
-Head of Henry’s household (trusted him greatly)
What did Henry do in response to William’s conspiring?
Had him executed due to Henry’s hurt
Why did Sir William Stanley admit the offence, though the evidence for his treason was circumstantial?
He hoped that through a full confession he would escape execution
What caused the Cornish Rebellion?
-Henry again raised taxation for foreign war with Scotland
-Cornish couldn’t understand why they were paying for the war that was all up north when they were down south on the coast
What happened in the Cornish Rebellion?
-15,000 ordinary people marched up to London to protest against the raise in taxes
-Henry led forces to stop rebels on his own out of Tower of London
-1000 rebels killed
-Henry stops taxes
Why was the Earl of Warwick such a threat to Henry’s existence on the throne?
-Had strongest claim to throne
-As he got older he could become a potential political threat to Henry
-His existence was intimidating
How did Henry deal with his worries about Edward, Earl of Warwick?
Had him beheaded at 24 years old
Why were the existence of Edmund and Richard de la Pole threatening to Henry VII?
-Yorkist links to throne
-Potential threats
-Margaret of Burgundy as strong ally
-Younger brothers of Earl of Lincoln (might want revenge)
What happened to the de la Pole brothers?
-Edmund executed
-Richard in exile, hence nickname the ‘White Rose’ (for long time in exile as if treated like an enemy Yorkist)
What is an acronym to help remember Henry’s choices in accession to becoming king in order?
President
Donald
Could
Eat
More
Meat
Properly
Rather
Than
Licking
Yellow
Cake
What did Henry do in order on his way to becoming King?
Papacy validation
Date reign to before Battle of Bosworth
Crowned King
Elizabeth out of imprisonment
Marry Elizabeth
Make babies (sons)
Princess Cecily under mother’s watch
Royal Progress
Then call parliament for acknowledgement
Loyal people rewarded from Battle of Bosworth
Yorkist treatment decision
Claimants to throne treatment
Who was Margaret of Burgundy?
-Apparent biggest threats to Henry
-Richard III’s sister
-Angry after he was killed at Battle of Bosworth
-Wealthy and powerful woman
-Yorkist figurehead
-Ally of Perkin Warbeck
-Constantly conspiring against Henry
Who was Elizabeth Woodville?
-Queen of England through marriage to Edward IV on both occasions (before and after Edward’s deposition)
-Had claim to throne, and so did her sons (the princes in the tower)
What was the Council?
Advisers who supported Henry in his key decision-making
What were the functions of Henry’s Council?
-Advise king
-Administer realm on behalf of king
-Make legal judgements
How many people were recorded as attending Henry’s Council, and how many were actually in the working council?
-227 recorded
-6 or 7 men in working council
What were the 3 main types of councillor?
-Members of nobility (rarely magnates of realm in actual working council)
-Churchmen who often had legal training and were excellent administrators
-Laymen (either gentry/lawyers) = skilled administrators
Give examples of members of nobility in Henry’s council?
Lord Daubeney
Lord Dynham
Give examples of churchmen in Henry’s council
John Morton
Richard Fox
Who was John Morton?
-Highly able churchman and lawyer
-Public passionate Lancastrian, but peaceful with Yorkists to serve Edward IV
-Worked against Richard III
-Promoted by Henry to Archbishop of Canterbury and then cardinal
Who was Sir Reginald Bray?
-Faithful servant to Henry for long time
-Helped Henry raise funds in preparation for Battle of Bosworth
-Held influence and exercised power in role as Chancellor of Duchy of Lancaster
-Led the Council Learned in Law
How was Sir Reginald Bray described as by Thomas Penn?
As “King’s chief executive” & “more powerful than most nobles”
Who was arguably Henry’s most influential adviser?
His formidable mother, Lady Margaret Beaufort (ironically someone who held no office)
What was the Great Council?
-Gathering of House of Lords, meeting without House of Commons
-No clearly defined functions
and was occasional (not permanent) body
How many times did the Great Council meet during Henry’s reign?
5 times
What issues did the Great Council deal with?
War, rebellion and natural security
What was the main functions of the Council Learned in Law?
-Maintain King’s revenue (income)
-Exploit King’s prerogative rights
Why did the workings of the Council Learned in Law often be seen as shady?
-Not recognised as court of law
-Those summoned before it didn’t have chance to appeal
-Court caused fear, anger & frustration as it bypassed normal legal system
Why were Richard Empson and Emund Dudley a feared combination of officials?
They raised the extraction of money form the king’s subjects to a ‘fine art’
In process, created enemies among some of king’s other advisers
Council Learned in Law
What is personal monarchy?
Political power and influence of person depended on relationship with monarch rather than on any specific office they might have held
What is the Royal Court?
Centre of Government
Wealth = power, so had to be magnificent and generous
Always was wherever king was
What was the responsibility of the household?
Look after the king, courtiers, guests and other ‘hangers-on’ who were being entertained
What was the responsibility of the Lord Chamberlain?
Responsible for the series of rooms used by Sovereign to receive increasingly select visitors, terminating in the royal bedchamber
Was the Lord Chamberlain trusted by the King?
Heavily, which is why deeply hurt Henry when William Stanley (Lord Chamberlain) was conspiring against him with Warbeck
What was Henry’s response to Stanley’s betrayal as Lord Chamberlain?
Re-modeled chamber by creating a new ‘privy chamber’ that he could retreat to protected by his most intimate servants
What are the 2 main functions of Parliament?
-Pass laws
-Grant taxation to the Crown
How many times did Henry call parliament in his reign and for what reasons?
7 times (he was distant and solo)
For issues of national security and raising of revenue
What would happen to a dead person convicted under the Acts of Attainder?
Their property would be forfeited to the crown
Who did Henry rely on to exercise power on his behalf, and how could this cause problems?
Members of nobility
More influential nobles might become so powerful as to challenge king’s authority
Why did Henry employ a spying network?
To keep an eye on magnates, since he had a lack of trust with them
What was the duty of the Justices of the Peace?
Maintain law and order in the countryside
What were Bonds and Recognizances that Henry forced his subjects to take out to restore law and order?
Bonds = written agreements in which people promised to pay a sum of money if they failed to carry out their promise; were sometimes given to friend of noble to get them to stick to their bond
Recognizances = formal acknowledgment of a debt or other obligation which could be enforced by means of a financial penalty
Used to enforce order and obedience
Some results of debt to crown, some were purely political
Morally dubious
Name the 6 types of court that were part of the judicial system
Church courts
Local courts
Manor courts
King’s courts at county level
King’s common law courts
Chancery/other equity courts
How was the effort to legislate and enforce laws made easier, since Medieval governments found it easier to make laws than to implement them?
Richard III introduced an innovation that all statutes passed in Parliament were printed, and would therefore circulate among the ruling elites in the localities
Describe the constitutional revolution between Ireland and England
Poynings Law - named after Sir Edward Poynings - prohibited Irish Parliament from passing any legislation without prior approval from English Parliament
What was Henry VII’s main focus for foreign policy?
Securing general European recognition of the legitimacy of his dynasty
What king is Henry VII often compared to?
King Louis XI, the Spider King
Name some similarities between King Louis XI of France and King Henry VII of England?
-Treated monarchy like a family business
-Acquisitive
-Same love for law as a fiscal expedient
-Servants were mostly gentry or clergy as opposed to higher nobility
-Reluctant to engage in foreign war
-Suspicious of nobility (gaining enough power to overthrow)
What term is often said that Henry VII is not?
A miser - someone who hoards money and spends as little as possible
He spent on a princely scale, but his expenditure was always calculated
How many times did the Parliament meet during the last 10 yrs of Henry’s reign and why?
Only once
King had more than enough money for his needs
No intention of fighting foreign wars
No desire to embark upon ambitious legislative programmes
What has been suggested about Lambert Simnel’s name?
It was an eccentric invention designed to hide his true royal lineage as son of Thomas Simnel, Oxford Joiner
Where was Warbeck ‘discovered’?
In his mid teens, with confidence and blond locks in his mid-teens
Glided through streets of Cork, Ireland where everyone began assuming he was RIII’s bastard son
Claims were then adjusted and word spread he was Richard of York, the younger son of Edward IV (though he was presumed dead for the past 8 yrs)
Why did Henry VII invade France?
-Warbeck’s gaining support in France
Where did Warbeck seek refuge after HVII invaded France?
In Flanders at court of his ‘aunt’, Margaret of Burgundy
Where did Warbeck flee to after landing in Kent with his Flanders army, who were ambushed?
Ireland, but was unsuccessful
But went instead to Scotland where he was greeted by King James IV who called HVII “our extreme and mortal enemy”, using Warbeck’s cause as justification
How had Warbeck tried to take advantage of the Cornish Rebellion?
After the Cornish lost in the Battle of Blackheath, they were simmering in resentment
It was this anger that drew them to Warbeck’s claim, if they believed him to be Richard or not
So they marched to the West County, but heard the royal army were coming their way
Instead of fighting, Warbeck lost his nerve and surrendered
Was HVII kind to Warbeck following his surrender?
Like Simnel, Henry granted Perkin his life
But after a failed escape, Henry imprisoned him in the Tower of London
17 months later he was accused of conspiring with the Earl of Warwick and both were executed
He was hanged like a commoner at Tyburn and buried in an unmarked grave
What were the main successes of the greatest pretender, King Henry VII?
-Established a thriving dynasty
-Replenished the treasury (England’s economy)
-Earned continental recognition from his peers and the papacy as King of England
-Suppressed a Cornish rebellion
Vanquished 2 serious challenges for his throne (Simnel and Warbeck)
What was the Tudor rose a symbol of?
Reconciliation, peace and harmony
How many times did Henry open and dismiss Parliament?
7 times
Why could it be argued that Henry was and wasn’t a miser?
Was - was constantly worried about England’s economy after the Wars of the Roses and so did not want to spend too much on anything
Wasn’t - where it served his purpose money was spent freely (said by Geoffrey Elton) and extorted/saved for interests of the Crown; also spent money easily on foregin wars through increased taxation
What 3 courts welcomed Perkin Warbeck?
Margaret of Burgundy
Charles V of France
James of Scotland
Why was retaining a problem for Henry and how did he solve it?
Illegal retaining was widespread (remained conveniently undefined so king could take advantage of retaining)
Had to get license issued by him to retain
1504 Retaining Act - licenses for retaining sought from king
How was retaining beneficial for Henry?
-Support in times of trouble
-Could sue those who illegally retained for better revenue
How many knights were there in 1490 (gentry with knighthood)?
375 knights
Who were the middling sort in the towns?
Educated professionals mostly lawyers
Had considerable influence and exercised it with wealthy merchants
What was the middling sort?
Top level of commoners
Bourgeoise or Yeomen
Who were the middling sort in the countryside?
Yeomen farmers who farmed substantial properties for an increasingly sophisticated economy
How did Londonders view northerners and northerners view southerners?
Londoners looked down on northerners for perceived savagery
Northerners were envious of southern riches
What were real wages?
Value of income in relation to prices of good on market, instead of actual money received
What was one of the largest parts of the Crown’s ordinary revenue?
Rental income from his property
What is the difference between ordinary and extraordinary revenue?
Ordinary - money that was collected regularly, without the need to obtain the permission of Parliament (taxes, levies, loyalties, fees, duties, rents, profits, income)
Extraordinary - really for emergencies only or unforeseeable expenses, such as war. Parliamentary approval was needed to raise it, but it also came from other sources as well
What was Henry’s income at the beginning and end of his reign?
Beginning = £12,000
End = £42,000
250% increase
Why did problems rise for Henry when raising revenue?
Paid political price
National landowners angry with Henry who needed their support if the throne was threatened
What did J.R Green say about Edward IV and Henry VII in 1874?
Put forward argument of representing a ‘new monarchy’
Made Tudors a modernising dynasty that set aside medieval and personal monarchy weaknesses
What is the name for an official in a government department, in particular one seen as being concerned procedure over people’s needs?
Bureaucrat
Of bureaucracy
How long did Henry spend in exile in Brittany, France as a child and who did he spend it with?
14 years
His uncle, Jasper Tudor
Hence his need to protect Brittnay when France tried to invade them (increased taxation for this foregin war led to Yorkshire Rebellion, 1489)
What was Magna Consilia?
A meeting of the Great Council
Who were the ‘new men’?
Men drawn from the ranks of gentry and professional classes and were some of Henry’s chief advisers and servants
What was the Order of the Garter?
Honour reserved for the King’s closest servants
HVII only created 37 Knights of the Garter
Gave recipient prestige but not power or land
What was wardship?
Where the King took control of the estates of minors until they became of age
What is the difference between Parliamentary grants and loans?
Parliamentary grant - from Parliament to help king in time of national emergency, like the war against France, 1489
Loans - from richer subjects in times of emergency (HVII appears to have repaid them)
What were benevolences?
Type of forced loan with no repayments
What were clerical taxes?
In 1489 the Archdioceses of Canterbury and York voted £25000 towards the cost of the French War
Simony - selling of Church positions
What was the French pension?
Part of the Treaty of Etaples (1492)
A pension was paid by King of France (really a bribe to remove English armies from France)
How did the Black Death help reduce class division?
Killed 30-40% of England population
Reduced value of land, so increased poverty
What was Henry’s ideology on people being highly ranked in the gentry to help with government?
Ability over nobility
What was the King’s hierachy?
King
Nobility
Gentry
Citizens & Yeomen
Labourers
Beggars
What was the religious hierachy?
Pope
Cardinals
Archbishops
Bishops
Clergy
What did the Yeomen want from Henry in return for their loyalty and support?
-National peace and stability
-No increased taxation on wars and land
What were the duties of the royal household?
Attend to domestic needs of king
Travelled with Henry wherever he went
Members of the court, but not as important as actual ‘courtiers’
What were the duties of the privy chamber?
Formed after William Stanley’s conspiracy at court
Of low status so not politically influential
BUT were closest to Henry and had greatest influence on him
What were the duties of the groom of the stool?
Stool = medieval word for toilet
Wipe the King’s ass
In charge of the privy chamber
Close and intimate with the king
What were the duties of the court?
Moved from place to place with the king
Sought-after position
Entertain the king and offer company
Be good advertisement, especially for foreign visitors
Influence on king
What happened when when ideas clashed in Henry’s Court?
Internal groups and factions formed
But they were fluid
When issue resolved, groups dissolved, only to build up again when another matter galvanised different views
What were the duties of the privy council?
Influence on king
Advise him
40-50 members, but meeting attendance much lower
What were the duties of the Justices of the Peace (JPs)?
Responsible for keeping law and order in localities
Help control nobility to stop them becoming too powerful
18 per county
Were chief local government officers
What were the duties of Parliament?
Used by Henry to serve his own interests, not the nation’s
Recognised title to throne
Passed laws and attainders
Voted on taxes
Met 7 times
Called by King for taxes or times of war
What did Henry do in action due to his need for a personal bodyguard?
He founded the Yeomen of the Guard, who still preside over the Tower of London
Why was James Stanley made Bishop of Ely?
For no better reason than being the stepson of the king’s mother
Because HVII was reluctant to create more peers, what did the number of nobility decline to?
From 50 to 35 nobles during his reign
He did not remove any - natural wastage (some died and he did not replace them)
How was HVII’s ability to forgive and reward nobles strikingly demonstrated?
By career of Thomas Howard, the Earl of Surrey
Fought for RIII at Battle of Bosworth and so was attained (all estates confiscated)
Ended up in Tower of London
His good behaviour in Tower resulted in gradual restoration
Loyal service to Crown enabled him to retain greater part of his inheritance and secure office of Lord Chancellor
What percentage of the peerage in Henry’s reign was obliged to give recognizance to the Crown?
Over 50%
Were the recognizances of the nobles collected in most cases?
No, but peers lived under threat of having to possibly make crippling payments should they offend the king
Carefully organised use of recognizances in order to guarantee good behaviour was very different to haphazard approach of HVII’s predecessors
Did Henry trust some nobles despite his superstition of their power and friendship with military that might overthrow him?
Yes
Earls of Oxford and Shrewsbury were 2 of Henry’s closest companions and the Duke of Northumberland (who supported RIII at Bosworth) ran the North until his murder by the Yorkshire Rebels, 1489
Why did Henry give titles to peerage instead of land or money?
Was conscious of the low economy of the country after Wars of Roses
Rewarded them without damaging the economy
Why was Henry superstitious of the nobles?
Many were Yorkists who supported RIII at Battle of Bosworth
Had strong friendships with military
Worried that restrictions put in place would anger them to rebel against him
What other king before Henry VII had attempted to limit the military power of the nobility?
Edward IV
Had Acts against Retaining
How many people were attainted due to the Battle of the Stoke, 1487?
28 people
What happened to the Marquis of Dorset (a noble)?
Was placed under a bond to guarantee future loyalty after the King suspected him to be involved in the Lambert Simnel plot
How did Henry’s mother Margaret detriment from the 1504 illegal retaining act?
She had to pay a fine after illegally retaining
How did the Treaty of Medina del Campo increase Henry’s recognition and safety?
Was with the new major power of a united Spain
The countries promised to not ally with France, defend each other’s countries against enemies and not harbour rebels and pretenders
(France was a major power and enemy of England due to Brittany)
What is a fiefdom?
Something that denotes an area over which feudal overlordship is exercised
What were the terms of the Treaty of Redon of 1489?
Duchess Anne would pay for a small English army to defend Brittany from French threat
How did Henry’s alliance with Maximilian (Holy Roman Emperor-Elect) strengthen his position?
Maxi pad was a widower and had contracted a marriage-by-proxy with Anne and had no desire for the Duchy of Brittany to fall into French hands
How did Duchess Anne’s marriage with Charles VIII of France complicate matters?
Meant maxi pad lost interest in the matter, which left Henry in a difficult position
What did Henry do in 1492?
Launched an invasion of France
French quickly sought for a peace settlement
What were the terms of the Treaty of Etaples of 1492?
Charles VIII agreed to withdraw his support for PW and pay a pension to HVII to compensation him for the expense of having recruited an army of invasion
Why was it important for England to maintain good relations with Burgundy?
Bulk of England’s went through ports of Netherlands, which came under Burgundy’s jurisdiction
Why did relations between England and Burgundy deteriorate?
Hospitality which Maximilian and Philip were offering to Perkin Warbeck
What was the Intercursus Magnus of 1496?
Henry and Philip agreed to improve relations after Perkin Warbeck left Burgundy
Brought trade embargo to an end
Was a major commercial treaty between England and duchy of Burgundy which restored normal trading links between the two
What was the Intercursus Malus of 1506?
Trade agreement from 1506
Treaty never became fully operative and by following year trading relationships had been restored on the basis of intercursus magnus
Who ruled over Spain during this time?
Ferdinand and his wife Isabella
What was included in the Treaty of Medina del Campo, 1489?
Between England and Spain
2 monarchies offered mutual protection in event of attack
Agreed to go to war against France, but Ferdinand and Isabella withdrew their forces from Brittany as were preparing final attack on Moors in Granada
Agreed not to harbour rebels or pretenders
Treaty also arranged marriage alliance between Arthur, Prince of Wales, and Catherine, Princess of Aragon, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella
What were the problems with implementing the Treaty of Medina del Campo, 1489?
Arrangements for royal marriage did not go smoothly
Ferdinand proved reluctantly to allow marriage to go ahead as long Henry’s dynastic stability remained threatened by PW
2 monarchs argued over size of dowry
Why was Henry less encouraged to get Catherine to marry Henry VIII after Arthur died in 1504?
Isabella died so made Ferdinand less significant political figure
Describe the succession crisis following the death of Isabella of Spain
Juana + Husband Philip of Burgundy take refuge in England due to shipwreck
Treaty of Windsor (1506) Henry secured stronger relationship with Juana + Philip with Intercursus Malus, return of Earl of Suffolk, proposed marriage alliance with HVII and Philip’s sister, and HVII’s recognition of Juana + Philip as rulers of Castille
Philip’s death proved disatrous for Henry as Juana was in grief and her father Ferdinand described her as mad cos of it, giving Ferdinand opportunity once more to become regent of Castille
Left Henry diplomatically isolated as once again had been diplomatically outsmarted by a major European power
How did relations with Scotland deteriorate from 1495?
King James IV came of age and offered hospitality to PW in 1495
Stayed for 2 yrs at Scottish Court
Received pension from king and aristocratic marriage to king’s cousin, Lady Catherine Gordon
James encouraged PW to cross border in 1496 with an army
How did Anglo-Scottish relations improve in 1501-1503?
James IV married Princess Margaret (HVII daughter) in 1503
Allowed for sanctioning of Treaty of Perpetual Peace in 1502
To where did Henry’s power extend in Ireland?
To the ‘Pale’ (area surrounding Dublin)
Why did Henry fear the Earl of Kildare (dominant figure of Ireland)?
Had Yorkist sympathies
How did HVII deal with the situation in Ireland?
Instead of relying on cheap but unreliable established Irish aristocracy, attempted more costly approach of rule of ‘pace’ through an Englishman, backed up by armed force
Appointed his infant son HVIII as lieutenant of Ireland and appointed Sir Edward Poynings as his deputy
What was Poyning’s Law?
Laid down that the Irish Parliament could pass no law without prior approval of English crown
How did the situation change in Ireland in 1496?
Kildare saw no benefit in supporting PW (Yorkist cause)
Decided to serve HVII loyalty
What was the Brittany crisis?
Charles VIII come to throne
His sister Anne wants duchy of Brittany back
Duke of Brittany wants Breton independence
He old and no male heirs (only 2 daughters)
Anne wants Charles to marry Anne of Brittany
Acquiring Brittany would increase French power and threat
Spain and Habsburgs (control HRE and Burgundy) intervened and sent in troops
Henry owed Francis II of Brittany a debt due to 14yr exile shelter
BUT
Henry been a guest of France in last part of exile and received French help
Didn’t want to antagonise France so early in reign
Full-scale war would strain finances
What was Henry’s solution to the Brittany crisis?
Send troops as long as Anne of Brittany would finance them
How did the Brittany crisis deepen after the Breton and allied forces were defeated by the French in 1488?
September 9th - Francis Died and Anne of Beaujeu took over wardship of Anne of Brittany
French control almost complete
Other European powers wished to pursue diplomatic solutions and looked to England to help deal with crisis
Last opportunity to protect Breton independence and English trade/security
Sending army to Brittany might give Henry opportunity to reclaim land lost during Hundred Years War
How did Henry attempt to solve his French/Brittany problem?
Tried to form alliances with Spain and Burgundy for a join assault on France but they were unwilling to launch an attack
What was the Treaty of Breton?
Was with Brittany
Henry agreed to send 6000 troops to defend Breton independence
In return Anne pledged to pay for them and to not marry/form alliances without Henry’s consent
How many soldiers did Henry send due to the Treaty of Breton?
3000 soldiers so French wouldn’t be too alarmed
What was the Treaty of Dordrecht?
Was with Maximilian
Heir to HRE
Henry agreed to send 3000 troops to help some of Max’s troops
Max did not honour his side of agreement to provide troops to help save Brittany’s independence
Name some of the reasons Henry wanted to go to war with France
Raised much money so would anger subjects if not spent on French war
Would lose credibility if he admitted defeat now as promised to go to war in person
Charles VIII’s attention seemed to be drawn to Italy now so French control of Brittany would be less of threat
James IV of Scotland dropped plans for Franco-Scottish marriage and opened negotiations for an English one, meaning that Henry’s northern border would be more secure
Name some of the reasons Henry didn’t want to go to war with France
Long war against France would be exhausting and might well end in defeat
War with France would encourage French to support challenges to Henry’s throne (just as had supported him in 1485); real danger = PW landed in Ireland in autumn 1491
Henry was unlikely to receive support from Spain, Maximilian or many Bretons
What was Henry’s solution to his internal conflict to waging a war with France?
Declared war on France in 1492 because Charles more concerned with Italian States so were willing to negotiate peace settlement
Why did Henry want the Italian Wars to continue?
Main foreign policy concern of 1490s = PW
Without distraction of Italian Wars, Henry’s rivals might devote time and resources to Yorkist pretender so he wanted war to continue
Why did Henry not want to give in to HRE and Spain urging him to join alliances against France?
Any attack on France would be very costly
If England attacked France, there could be a French retaliation
What did Henry decide to do following the Italian Wars dilemma?
Remained neutral as needed to keep an eye on PW (internal affairs)
Aloof and distant
Describe the Castilian Succession Crisis
Isabella of Castile died
Anti-French alliance of Netherlands, Spain and England was transformed into a self-destructive feud
Ferdinand was only king in Aragon and Izzie’s will said daughter Joanna would inherit largest territory of Castile, with Ferdinand returning to Aragon
Joanna married to Philip (Burgundy ruler) and heir to HRE so Castile absorbed to Hadbsurg Empire
Ferdinand not willing to allow Castile to fall into hands of enemy Philip
Henry had to choose between alliances with P and F
What were Henry’s arguments for siding with Philip instead of Ferdinand during the Castilian Succession Crisis?
If Ferdinand only king of Aragon, useless to marry off HVIII to Catherine
Henry must maintain trade links with Burgundy (controlled by Philip) upon cloth trade depended
Philip younger and more dynamic than Ferdinand
Possibility of marriage between Philip’s daughter Eleanor and HVIII
Max was sheltering Edmund de la Pole and alliance with Philip (Max’s son) could help regain custody of him
HVII believed Ferdinand had nearly tricked him into marrying the penniless poor Queen of Naples after his wife had died in 1503
BASICALLY he did not like ma g
What was Henry’s solution to the Castilian Succession Crisis?
Retained alliance with Philip and friendship with Juana to respect Isabella’s death wish
Who did Ferdinand turn to after he knew he had lost his Habsburg alliance (Philip and Max) and his English alliance was slipping away?
Old enemy France
Why did Louis XII (King of France) agree to an alliance with Ferdinand and sign the Treaty of Blois?
He feared the expansion of the Habsburg dynasty
What was done as a result of the Treaty of Blois (terms)?
Ferdinand married Louis’ niece to increase relations
With French support Ferdinand would have been able to force the Castilian nobility to accept him
What left the Tudors dynastically insecure?
Collapse of Aragon marriage
Death of his eldest son Arthur
Death of wife Elizabeth
Did Ferdiannd and Louis’ relationship stay good?
Nah bruv
Failed to gain any effective French support so F retired to Aragon
What did Henry end up doing in association with securing Burgundy trade with Philip’s weak position or take advantage and get Edmund back?
Made Treaty of Windsor to befriend Philip and get Edmund (Earl of Suffolk) back
What immediately happened after Philip died?
F resumed control of Castile and Max resumed regency of Burgundy for his young grandson Charles
Juana suffered a mental breakdown, refusing to let anyone bury the body of her husband
How did Philip’s death leave Henry isolated in Europe?
Secure in French alliance, Ferdinand no longer needed England’s friendship and was bitter about the way Henry abandoned him for Philip
Henry tried to secure alliances with European countries but failed because England not a major European power
Was Henry part of the League of Cambria with Louis XII, Max and Ferdinand?
Nah boi was notably excluded 4 being a snowflake
Why did Scotland pose as a traditional threat to England?
Scot traditional alliance with French
When did England’s improving relations with Scotland suffer a downfall?
Before Battle of Sauchieburn, under James III relations were good
But boi died shame shame and then James IV took over
He was a minor and his regency was dominated by anti-English nobles
Were there any pro-English Scottish nobles?
Yes he could do business with dem
Leading member of this group was Earl of Angus
Who was an obvious match for the young James IV?
Margaret, Henry’s daughter, born Nov 1489
Why did the Anglo-Scottish relations imporve in 1493?
Pro-English Earl of Angus re-established control and a nine-year long truce was signed
Why had Warbeck’s invasion attempt in September 1496 been a disaster?
Very few Scottish nobles supported it
What made the Truce of Ayton possible and what was included in it?
Anglo-Scottish
Henry offered the hand of his eldest daughter, Margaret, in marriage to James
James under pressure to cease hostilities and depart Warbeck
What did the Treaty of Perpetual Peace do?
Extended the Truce of Ayton
Margaret and James marriage finalised
What last problem led to strained relations of Anglo-Scottish relations in the final years of Henry’s reign?
Border raids, continued Franco-Scottish alliance and James’ expansion of his navy
TIK TOK BREAK AYY
dont blame me avani made me do it <3
How much money had Henry spent on jewels and plate between 1491-1509, proving he was not a complete miser?
Between £200-300k
How much treasure had Henry died in possession of?
1-2 million (most of it in jewellery and plate, not cash)
What was the population of London at the beginning of the 1400s?
50,000
Why was there a move towards sheep farming in the late 1400s?
More profitable than sheep farming
Who were the Merchants of the Staple?
Controlled wool trade based in Calais (physically in France but belonged to England)
What was the Hanseatic League?
Group of cities in northern Europe that controlled Baltic Sea and formed a commercial union
Dominated trade
What trade treaty ended the trade embargo?
Intercursus Magnus of 1496
What did the Navigation Acts of 1485 and 1489 do?
Encouraged English ships to only carry goods to and from English ports for English trade
Which countries had dominated exploration in the 15th century?
Spain and Portugal
How did John Cabot help English exploration?
Found fishing grounds in new found land (Canada)
Who was the first Englishman to lead an exploration to the New World (the Americas)?
William Weston
Which treaty tried to encourage Anglo-French commercial relations, although it was not primarily a trade treaty?
Treaty of Etaples
Removed all restrictions on Anglo-French trading
Who was the Treaty of Windsor between?
Philip of Burgundy and Henry VII
What did the Treaty of Windsor involve?
Phillip of Burgundy promised to extradite the Earl of Suffolk, a Yorkist pretender
It also consisted of an arranged marriage between Henry VII and Margaret of Austria (Philip’s sister)
What was the name of the port in the Netherlands, which was important for English trade?
Antwerp
What was another port in France that was good for English trade (part of France still controlled by England)
Calais
What is the name of someone from Brittany?
Breton
What was the Low Countries?
Burgundy/Netherlands
What is a fiefdom?
Denotes an area over which feudal control is exercised
Where would the HRE mostly be situated today?
Germany
What did Prince Henry become in Ireland?
Lieutenant
Who married Max of HRE in 1477 and thus Max acquired Burgundy?
Mary of Burgundy
What did Charles pay Henry as part of the Treaty of Etaples to end the Anglo-French conflict?
A pension
What was open field husbandry?
Form of landholding which predominated in most ‘lowland’
How did cloth trade develop in the late 1400s and early 1500s?
From raw wool to finishing cloth
Over 60% increase in volume of cloth exports before bulk compromised to raw wool
Which countries had dominated exploration in the 1400s?
Spain and Portugal
Who was the first Englishman to lead an exploration to the New World (America)?
William Weston
Why did Henry have to maintain a friendship with Burgundy?
One of main trading partners was Netherlands
Under Burgundy jurisdiction
Why did relations rapidly deteriorate between Burgundy and England between 1493-95?
Hospitality offered to PW
Why did France want complete control of Brittany, besides power?
For the coastline
Important for trading and invasion
Were the Italian states a complete country yet?
No
So could’ve been powerful country united but were divided
They were wealthy competing states
Did HVII try to marry in his later years of reign
Yaa
Number of grandiose marriage alliance schemes
But all proved abortive
a playahs a playah
Which Italian state dominated trade in luxury goods in the Mediterranean?
Venice
HVII viewed Venetians as rivals
So he made moves on Florence to develop stronger ties w them to overpower Venice (a playuhs a playuh)
What was John Cabot’s discovery of Newfoundland initialliy intended to do
ur mum
aha
nah it was intended to find new fishing grounds to help Bristol merchants in particular
Despite HVII being known to make few mistakes about who he punished severely in his gov., who was famously a mistake he made to execute?
Earl of Lincoln
sucks to b him ig
this means hvii faced few issues during his reign that were his own making
How did HVII’s favouritism of patronage cause problems during the Cornish Rebellion
In 1497 rebels weren’t stopped by local genttry cos they were unhappy w HVII’s reliance on ‘favourites’ such as Giles Daubeney
Why has historian R.L Story claimed HVII was lucky to die when he did
Cos Story was suicidal ripp <3 nah jk jk
Its cos severity of financial penaltieswas such that some form of rebellion against his rule was about a matter of time
How does goold old Geoffrey Elton describe HVII’s reign as
Twas a tudor revolution in government
lucky him ig
How did HVII control the the nobles
By reducing their influence in gov. by increasing the use of gentry
sneaky cheeky little deedy
What are the arguments to suggest HVII was overall a great monarch
firstly miss kay believes he was the best tudor so enuf said <3
-came into throne in difficult circumstances but reigned for 24 yrs uncontested
-laid foundations of distinctive tudor dynasty
-didn’t inflate nobility ranks to project his authority at local level
-formally expanded membership of household and through system of bonds that enforced nobles’ attendance at court
-oversaw radical shift in royal finance nature by pressing hard to collect taxes, customs and feudal fights
-revolutionary change in English political culture (‘new men’, ‘quo warranto’)
-changes in education and gov.
-rule prepared way for monumental change in 16th century
yh its long but it only cos we stan hvii <3<3
now to b difficult, why was hvii possibly not a gr8 monarch, tho i agree w non of this its on the specification ig so we have to learn it <3
-came to throne w no practical politics or gov. experience
-some argue he was a poor king who fundamentally misunderstood nature of kingdom he ruled
-alienated and angered nobility
What were guilds and confraternities
Voluntary associations of individuals created to promote works of Catholic charity/devotion
How did the Church make it easier foe the country to be controlled?
Through its encouragement of good behaviour, obedience and stressed values of community
Also provided employment opportunities
What was the political role of the Church
Head of substantial state in Northern Italy
What was HVII’s relationship with the Church like
highly sexual
nah jk jk
Pope generally eager to grant favours to king whilst king kept country Catholic and devoted
Give examples of how senior clergymen participated in political processes
Margaret Beaufort’sa great uncle = cardinal and bishop of Winchester
Johnn Morton
Richard Foxe
What is a layman and a laity
Layman - non-ordained male member of Church
Laity - lay people, as distinct from the clergy
Why did dying people leave money to the parish church
idk cos they had bloody nothing else to do
nah
-enhance beauty of worship
-ensure remembrance of benefactor
-reduce time spent in purgatory
“buy a good lawyer they said. it’ll get u out opf purgatory they said”. thes are nmo
Why did dying people leave money to the parish church
idk cos they had bloody nothing else to do
nah
-enhance beauty of worship
-ensure remembrance of benefactor
-reduce time spent in purgatory
“buy a good lawyer they said. it’ll get u out of purgatory they said”. these are not very good morals, henry
Gimme some facts about them non-bald monks
By 1500 about 1% of adult males in England were monks
Some divisions were Carthusians, Benedictines and Listercians
Gimme some juicy facts about friars
Worked among civilians and were largely supported by donations
Some divisions were Dominicans (yes, much like the famous pineapple), Franciscans and Augustians
Gimme some facts bout them yummy nunneries
Enjoyed much less prestige (we love being a woman)
Mostly populated by women less deemed for marriage, aka avani and elishka
Relatively poor
