Elizabeth - Main Info Flashcards
now now this is a breadthy topic
strap on ur boots and put on ur sailing hats
cos this ship boutta float
we gon start off by discussing the problems that elizabeth encountered when she came to the throne
there were many
yh
What did Beth have to decide abt the Privy Council
Its composition
Choice of councillors = indication of religious settlement of her reign
i mean i wudnt go that far but sure
What was the decision that Elizabeth had to decide upon regarding religious settlement of the country
culty or cunty?
She could follow the English Catholicism of her father, Protestantism of her brother, or Roman CC of her sister OR SECRET OPTION D follow smth of her own
Also had to think abt fact that Pope might excommunicate her at any moment, as he would regard her as illegitimate
What was the issue w the disputed succession
She was not seen as the legitimate heir to the throne by Roman Catholics who supported cousin Mary Queen of Scots
very rare u see ppl rooting 4 a ginger
Mary was also backed by Henry II of France
WELL LIZZIE DIDNT NEED NO MAN
What was the issue w Ireland
they felt the need to express their InDiViduALItY
Mary Tudor attempted to colonise them by introducing a system of English plantations and was causing unrest
Ireland was staunchly Catholic and had refused to accept HVIII as Head of Church
LET DERRY JUST B DERRY FFS
What were the concerns w the Catholic Hadsburgs
England had traditionally maintained an alliance with the Hadbsburg family
They ruled Spain, the HRE and the Spanish Netherlands
The alliance preserved the balance of power in Europe
However Hadsburgs were yet again STAUNCHLY Catholic
Bethaldrine needed to work out how to keep alliance despite her own Protestantism
Now what she gon do abt the French troops in Scotland that have overstayed their welcome
1558 = Scotland ruled by the French regent and widow of James V, Mary of Guise, on behalf of her daughter, Mary, Queen of Scots, who was being brought up in France
Traditional ‘auld alliance’ between S and F and presence of French troops in Scotland posed threat to English security
personally i think we shud all play some go fish n get over ourselves but u know
im no monarch
How she gon end the war w France?
1558 = England still technically at war w France
i mean…its just a technicality, no?
Elizabeth needed to make peace w France but permanent loss of Calais wud b seen as humiliation
NOW AS IF THESE PROBLEMS ARENT ENUF
How can she pay off the crown’s debts and restore the royal finances? What issue was dis?
They were severely strained due to war w France
Mary Tudor left debt of £300,000 and had resorted to selling crown lands and only served to weaken monarchy’s finances in long run
here’s an idea…SELL THE PALACES WHY U NEED 135353 of em??!
now as if this is only the TIP OF THE ICEBERG as titanicans wud say
Let’s discuss the problems that were facing England in 1558
what a +ve atmosphere this deck shall bring us
idk why theo likes beth so much so far it aint lookin swell
How did England see Lizzie as being an ‘inexperienced queen’ an issue
Majority of English people welcomed her accession
She was young and seemed to promise new beginning after Mary’s setbacks
But some feared weak rule from an inexperienced woman
fuckin sexist piglets
Stability in Tudor gov seemed to require a strong, male monarch and an undisputed heir
right right
so we just gon forget abt
HITLER
OSAMA BIN LADEN
TRUMP
STALIN
FUCKIN BOWSER FROM NINTENDO
HVIII
MEN R NOT THE ANSWER
What religious divisions worried England in 1558
Majority of ppl, including many gentry and nobility, were probs still Catholic
allegiance to the monarch n whatnot. athiests rlly do b chillin too much in these tudor endz
These Catholics believed services shud b in Latin n churches shud b highly decorated
Some believed Pope is only true Head of CC, altho some begun accepting monarch as Head since HVIII
Protestantism still strong in London, south east, universities and among politically active classes who believed monarch in charge of country’s religion, that services shud b English and churches shud b plain
Another religion divided population = Marian Exiles, extreme Protestants, had fled to to Protestant strongholds in Europe, like Geneva during Mary’s reign
They returned to England in 1558, expecting to be offered influential governmental posts and to oversee establishment of Calvinist or Puritan Church of England
What threats from abroad worried England
England was a weak country compared to France and Spain, both of whom were Catholic
Philip II was married to Mary and after her death intended to propose to Elizabeth
THIS SOUNDS LIKE AN EPISODE OF EASTENDERS OR SOME SHI
But if England became Protestant he might organise a Catholic crusade against it
bitch rlly said i take what i want when i want it, n i want ya…BAD BAD NEWS
But most pressing 1558 threat was Scotland under French control
Scottish Mary declared that she, not Bethy, was legitimate Queen of England
Her claim was supported by Catholics in England, raising prospect of war
*heavy scottish accent: wAs tHe LanD of ThE gREatS nOt goOd EnUF foR yoUS?!
How was the loss of Calais a problem for England 1558
Seen as stain on country’s honour
Possession of Calais = symbolic of time when English Kings saw themselves also as Kings of France
feel like they pullin on straws here a tad but aight
If Elizabeth accepted its loss, England’s status in Europe and prestige of monarchy by implication was further reduced
Now how was the rice in prices and a problem
a lil self explanatory if u ask me but anyhoo
Most ppl lived in countryside and made a living w growing crops
Most important industry - manufacture and export of woollen cloth
Both population and prices rising since beginning of 1500s
Some landlords had tried to increase income by enclosing their land, leading to increase in unemployment
In early 1550s trade with Antwerp, main market for English cloth abroad had collapsed, throwing 1000s of spinners and weavers out of work
In countryside tenants faced higher rents as landlords tried to keep rents in line with prices, while in the towns workers saw the value of their wages decrease
How was the rise in unemployment a problem
yet again
a tad too obvious
Poverty and unemployment were increasing, especially among the lower classes
The problem of inflation was exacerbated by the bad harvests and flu epidemics (which killed 200k people) of Mary’s reign
Atmosphere of gloom and pessimism made hard to generate wealth necessary for a prosperous economy, situation made worse by repeated debasements of coinage
Melting down coins and reminting them w a lower gold content benefited crown financially
But made a loss of confidence in England’s currency which harmed trade
How did Catherine Parr influence Elizabeth for the better
Was step mother to Elizabeth
Brought her back to court
Acting as a role model and mother figure to her
cute
Now Thomas Seymour
u know how they say every lil hometown has a local paedo
well he was that one
So what did he do
Teased her
Assaulted her
Knew she was in line to throne in future so was unofficially courting her
Was yes a paedophile
not pluviophille. that wudve done less damage
Some historians suggest that the trauma she obtained from her time w Seymour caused her to be cautious of men and hence never settle down n marry
actual slay…if one man hurts me den i stay clear of all of em
jeez louise lemon squeeze if i lived by that logic id b alone in every lifetime
Who was Kat Ashley n why tf am i supposed to care
She was Elizabeth’s governess
Loved by Bethaldrine
Taught her maths, languages, sewing, geography, dancing, deportment (how to compose yourself), and riding
Who was Roger Ascham to Elizabeth
Was Elizabeth’s tutor from 1548-50
Helped her be fluent in French, Italian and Latin by 14 yrs old
Protestant
How was Elizabeth and Edward’s relationship
Were originally close when they were younger
Continued to write to each other as they grew older
Both Protestant
Had restricted visits until Henry’s death and were last together crying hugging when dad died
How was Mary and Elizabeth’s relationship
oh this aint gon b good
Very little interest
Learnt from Mary’s political mistakes
Cold hearted to Elizabeth
Threatened her
Catholic vs Protestant
Who was William Cecil, Lord Burghley
Was a cautious and devout man
In FP was keen to assert English independence, maintain English security and avoid going to war unless national interest demanded it
Saw Dudley as a mere adventurer whose sole aim was to enrich his friends and gain power for himself
fuck me did someone call the fun police
to put simply
drilla n skrilla did not get along
Who was Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester
1560 = established himself as Elizabeth’s favourite at court
Tall and extremely handsome
yh ill b the judge of that senors
Gifted but unreliable and arrogant
Influence with Queen caused dislike and distrust
Once was obvious that Bethaldrine did not intend to marry him, Dudley worked hard to prevent her marrying anyone else as this would lead to a decline in his influence
dumb fuck rlly said if i cant have this bitch no one can
Was eager to cast Elizabeth as the champion of international Protestantism, so constantly urged military intervention to support Protestant rebels in France and the Netherlands
Who were the 2 main political divisions in the start of Elizabeth’s reign
William Cecil and Robert Dudley
Who were the 2 main political divisions in the end of Elizabeth’s reign
Robert Cecil (William’s son)
Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex
Talk abt this kid Robert Cecil
Was groomed
THOMAS IS BACK?!
Was groomed to succeed his father in office, although his advancement was not rapid
His great organisational skills were eventually recognised, but Essex viewed him as his principal rival and his advancement was delayed
Cecil’s impatience led him to exploit the patronage system as a means to gain prizes for himself and his followers and to reduce Essex’s influence
Now talk abt his lover from another sister
Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex
Was charming and brilliant
Greedy and ambitious
He wanted to control royal patronage and appoint all his friends to court and government positions
Essex replaced his stepfather, Leicester, as the Queen’s favourite despite the difference in their ages and was openly jealous of other men at court, especially Robert Cecil
Aggressive in council meetings where his desire for military glory led him to promote dashing campaigns against the Spanish
What tactics did Bethamhouse use to control her council
Participated in discussions to prevent the council agreeing on formal advice which she would later reject
Refused to deal with council as whole, only smaller groups abt policy
Kept accurate notes, which she used to question councillors closely and catch them out
Promoted decisions among her councillors, encouraging them to compete for rewards
Consulted with men outside the council, particularly foreign ambassadors
She displayed affection, anger and even violence
competitions for who gave the best head
no not rlly
that ones 4 me
What are examples of Elizabeth displaying anger and even violence
being a woman
what treason
Exclusion of Leicester and Walsingham from court
Put Arundel on house arrest
sounds like a free vacay to me
Imprisoned Davison and Croft
Executed Norfolk and Essex
What did Cecil contribute to Elizabethan government regarding Scotland
Pushed Elizabeth to aid Scottish rebels in 1560 to secure the success of the Scottish Reformation and the subsequent expulsion of French troops from Scotland since she was reluctant to
What did Cecil do in 1568 regarding Spanish that firmly established him as Lizzie’s Chief Adviser and consequently Lord Burghley in 1571
Spanish treasure ships were on way to pay Spanish soldiers in the Netherlands for their services
what kind of services…?;)
These ships were seized while sheltering in ports along the coast of Devon and Cornwall
This seizure challenged the power of Spain
Cecil argued here dat as the money wouldn’t legally belong to the Spanish soldiers until it reached the Netherlands, it still technically belonged to the lenders where the money came from which were Genoese bankers (city in Italy, Genoa)
Therefore Elizabeth was technically free to ‘borrow’ it
just like i ‘borrowed’ avanis virginity
Cecil was created Lord Burghley 4 his intelligence
What happened in 1585 regarding Cecil (Burghley) n dat cash
Had to cope with the financial and administrative burden caused by war w Spain while struggling with his own declining health
pookie???
Now list the main achievements of Cecil by his death in 1598
keep lizzie away from other men…kid rlly said if i cant have her no one can <3
Drafting Beth’s correspondence with foreign ambassadors and agents as executor and principal adviser for foreign advisers
Continuing a prudent economic policy (cutting gov expenditure, save from ordinary revenues and selling crown lands)
Creating intelligence service at home and abroad
Managing House of Commons and Lords business
Providing effective administration methods for Privy Council
Creating Elizabeth political regime acceptance propaganda
What issues caused divide amongst the council
The MQOS situation
Whether or not she should marry Catholic Archduke Charles of Austria
Whether to give military aid to the Protestant rebels in the Netherlands in their fight against Spain
Proposed marriage between Elizabeth and the French Duke of Alencon
What was Elizabeth’s most important weapon when handling her own personality
crickets
no
well maybe
Her own personality
Through carefully crafted speeches she could charm, admonish, bully, threaten and wheedle, but chiefly, ‘stand on her considerable dignity’, reminding MPs and peers that they were her subjects and she was their Queen, chosen by God’
Also prepared to use her powers of arrest and veto when necessary
How was attendance in Parliament
Was never good
damn
Declined according according to their length
Procedures to chastise and fine absentees were introduced
What % of MPs spoke in debates and voted
Only 10% spoke
Only 47% voted
How many times was Parliament summoned in a 46 yr long reign
13 sessions
What is the orthodox view of parliamentary opposition
Neale’s view
Power of House of Commons increased and conflicted w traditional structure w Lords on top
im feeling yummy
Roots of Civil War of 1640s lay in Elizabeth’s reign when Commons gained in self-confidence and developed a growing awareness of its powers
Were heated debates and factions amongst Parliament
Puritan Choir extremist group was allowed in Parliament n disrupted sessions
What is the revisionist view about parliamentary opposition
Parliament did duty of voting subsidies, debate, grant taxes and pass bills/laws
Elizabeth encouraged divisions to receive rewards and patronage
Parliament keen to represent local grievances
Heated debates were part of regular Parliamentary function
What changed abt the Privy Chamber for Elizabethan reign
Was private rooms where Lizzie wud eat accompanied by ladies in waiting away from public gaze
Less influential as Gentlemen of the PC as they no longer had rights to access monarch that they had formally enjoyed
Admission carefully granted
Who was Sir Walter Raleigh
Courtier
Adventurer
avanis lover
now howd that get in here
Pioneer in colonising North America
One of Lizzie’s favourites
Courageous
Good-looking
imma need to see 4 maself on that one
Introduced potatoes and tobacco to England
and 4 lunch we have potatoes and a…cigarette
What was the difference between the deserving and undeserving poor
Deserving = entitled to receive some form of limited assistance to alleviate condition (old, widows and disabilities preventing them from working)
Undeserving = entitled to be punished
How did Elizabeth manage to re-stabilise the currency
balancing coins
Scheme announced for withdrawal of debased coins and replacement was soundly minted coins
Some suffered w replacement, but did ensure only sound coins were in circulation and government wisely did not resort to debasement during rest of century
Prices still rose, but no longer government to blame
How did many returning Protestant exiles view Elizabeth
‘English Deborah’
Old Testament heroin who had protected Israelites from their Canaanite enemies
Analogy - Lizzie wud protect godly from ‘evils’ and ‘superstitions’ of Catholicism
feel like they grabbin at straws rn
What was the fundamental paradox of Elizabeth’s reign to do w Deborah
Was a reluctant ‘Deborah’ as many of her religious problems were stemmed from her unwillingness to fulfill role alloted to her by more religiously enthusiastic councillors
so she was acc more like one of the lions in daniel and the lions verse
yes
born to eat, forced to b calm
Name some religious contradictions in Elizabeth’s reign (conservative and evangelical)
Most enthusiastic supporters often demonstrated Protestant zeal which ensured loyalty to queen but was wholly at variance w Elizabeth’s own sceptical and sometimes conservative approach to religious matters
What are the 2 events that defined religious settlement from 1558-63
1562 publication of ‘An apology of the Church of England’ - argued England was returning to true position by Church of Rome (Catholic)
1563 publication 39 Articles of Religion - defined difference between Church of England and CC
How was Elizabeth’s Church of England seen to have become Reformed Protestantism in its doctrine/beliefs but half reformed in its structures/practices
Vision of leading members of Church was not shared by queen as was half-reformed in structures, disciplinary procedures, services and clerical dress
Examples of how Elizabethan religious settlement affected religious practice in the parishes
burnt all of the men
all of them
Devotees of images thrown into fire before cathedral
Many parishes slow to take down altars and images, others hid em away n not throw em out
Strict performance of clergy
Avoidance of contention and strife
What is a key difference in age n character between Elizabeth and Mary
E - succeeded at 25, better education, more shrewder grasp of political processes
M - succeeded at 37
dont have to explain how mary was stupider in gov and was less politically experienced
feel like it gon b a real downer
What were her 3 short term aims as she ascended the throne
To consolidate her position
To settle religious issues
To pursue a peaceful settlement w the French
How was Elizabeth’s accession fairly straightforward
um
in brief
she was next in line to the throne
this aint no lion king situation
Mary’s councillors were aware their political careers were over but did not bother to interfere
Mary recognised Elizabeth as her successor and Philip of Spain sent his envoy to see Elizabeth a month before Mary’s death
damn
dat a bit harsh
How was Elizabeth’s succession difficult
England had suffered bad harvests meaning food was scarce was expensive
Flu epidemic brought about the highway rate of mortality since the Black Death which was 2 centuries beforehand
wAs PrActiCally yEsTERdaY
England lost Calais to France and religion was divided
What was the purpose of the Act of Supremacy 1559
Restored in law the royal supremacy of the Church of the Church which was established under HVIII and then removed under Mary I
What were the 6 main elements to the 1559 Supremacy Act
Papal supremacy
HVIII Reformation legislation restored
Powers of royal visitation of the Church as enjoyed by HVIII revived
Queen is ‘supreme governor’, not supreme head of church
Oath of supremacy was taken by clergymen and church officials and penalties for refusing
this act»>ur act
What was the purpose of the Act of Uniformity 1559
Specified use of a single Book of Common Prayer
Modified version of second book that Cranmer introduced in 1552
What were the main 2 modifications made to Cranmer’s Second Book of Common Prayer 1552
Variations in Eucharistic Belief were possible in that both the 1549 wording were permitted
‘Black Rubric’ included in 1552 prayer book to explain practice of kneeling at administration of Eucharist was omitted (excluded)
What was the purpose of the 1559 Royal Injunctions
They were a set of instructions about the conduct of church services and government of the Church issued in the queen’s name as supreme governor
On previous occasions they had been used by the Crown as a mechanism for imposing its will in relation to church practices
List the 3 instructions given by the Royal Injunctions
that was oddly formal
Made clear their Protestant character
Emphasises suppression of superstition
Parish churches were required to purchase an English Bible
What was the FP situation w France at the start of Elizabeth’s reign
if i was listening correctly
jumanji was her sister
England was at conflict w France due to Mary’s involvement w Spain against them (marriage w Phil)
Not only did England lose Calais but war weakened crown’s finances
What were the terms of the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis 1559
France wud retain Calais for 8 yrs after which time wud b restored to English control provided England kept peaces in meantime
If France failed to return Calais agreed to pay 500,000 crowns (£125k) to England
What problems emerged in Scotland and France in 1559
Problems emerged after death of Henry II following an accident in a jousting match
lemme guess
he got stabbed
how did NO ONE see that coming
Was succeeded by eldest son Francis II whose wife (Mary Queen of Scots) was Elizabeth’s cousin
ahh n now the fun begins
Power brought strong Catholic faction to power in France
Who was a hater of female rulers n therefore Elizabeth hated him n why
John Knox
Wrote ‘The First Blast of the Trumpet against the Monstrous Regiment of Women’
1558 publication
Attack on female and Catholic rule of Mary Tudor and Mary of Guise (mother of Mary Queen of Scots)
Asserted was no biblical justification for female rulership
Argued female rule was repugnant to nature
i know what ur thinking
how fuckin transphobic
What was Elizabeth’s attitude to Scotland
Cautious about interfering in the domestic affairs of another nation in which subjects were rebelling against sovereign authoirty and was reluctant intervene in Scotland
What was Cecil’s attitude to Scotland
Cecil supported intervention
bit contradictory
Sympathised w religious Scottish Protestants and knew England wud be more secure without French force north of the border
How did Cecil persuade Elizabeth to intervene in Scotland
Played on her insecurities
ah yes how all men get u to do their bidding
Suggested his own resignation if Elizabeth failed to support him
kid rlly said ashley LoOk aT mE
When Elizabeth reluctantly agreed to intervene, how did they
Towards end of Dec 1559 navy was sent to the Firth of Forth (WHY DOES THIS KEEP GETTING MENTIONED WHERE TF IS THIS PLACE) to stop French reinforcements from landing
Lords of the congregation were offered conditional support at the Treaty of Berwick 1560
What problems occurred in France in 1562
Conflict broke out between Catholics and Protestants in March
What did Robert Dudley encourage Elizabeth to do regarding France
To put military pressure on the French crown when it was relatively weak to ensure the return of Calais
What was the result of Dudley’s encouraged French intervention
Elizabeth lost Calais for good
lmao
And lost the indemnity she had secured at the Cateau-Cambresis
fuck sake dudley
ur just as bad as the hp version
What were the main candidates for Elizabeth’s hand in marriage
her fuckin cousin
CAN U BELIEVE IT
well no not rlly
cos it didnt happen
but u werent that shocked were u
it was a different time after all
Robert Dudley
this bitch again
Crown Prince Eric of Sweden
Engaged to Francis Duke of Anjou (French) for 24 hrs b4 lizzie got commitment issues n backed out
so real
Some English nobles
irrelevant mfs
What happened in August 1588 that caused THREAT from Spain
Spanish fleet by Philip lay off coast of England as a threat of invasion to make England Catholic again
kid rlly said watch me float
What are some arguments that suggest Elizabeth faced powerful and increasing opposition from a hostile Parliament throughout her reign
Orthodox/Traditional view
Power of House of Commons increased
1640s English Civil War is where Commons gained self-confidence and powers since Lords dealing w a bigger issue and many courts were disabled
cos…well…u know…the country was at war
Elizabeth had to give less freedom to MPs w speech than her father to cut down on time consumption
Commons ordered imprisonment of Peter Wentworth (leader of Puritan Choir) after he called for freedom of speech for House of Commons itself in 1576 (Commons even went against Commons)
What are some arguments to suggest Elizabeth did not face powerful and increasing opposition from a hostile Parliament throughout her reign
Revisionist view
434 Acts passed in 13 sessions, each abt 10 weeks long
Did normal function of Parliament of passing laws, acts and bills
Even tho some sessions witnessed some heated debates, was part of way Parliament normally functioned and did not prevent sessions from closing harmoniously
Parliament cannot be blamed for Civil War outbreak as was keen to represent local grievances of members and above all, was always in harmony w government
Elizabeth encouraged disputes as wud make MPs compete to earn rewards from her such as patronage or titles
How did Elizabeth control Parliament
Isolating extremists through promises of moderate reform
Making strong speeches to representatives from Commons
Directly intervening to preserve royal prerogative
Imprisoning awkward, outliering members
Managing Parliament’s time
Controlling summations and dismissals
Choosing MPs and councillors
What was the situation w Netherlands at the time of Elizabeth’s accession
¾ of overseas trade passed through Antwerp
Trading relations
did not like Mary Tudor Book of Rates
Duties on imports increased by ¾
Issues of piracy
What was the situation w Spain at the time of Elizabeth’s accession
Relations were usually cordial
What was the situation w France at the time of Elizabeth’s accession
Conflict
Loss of Calais
War w Mary Tudor n Philip previously
What was the situation w Scotland at the time of Elizabeth’s accession
HII killed and succeeded by eldest son Francis II, wife Mary Queen of Scots)
Elizabeth cousin and main Catholic claimant to English throne
Brought Catholic Guise faction to France
Guises wanted to use Scotland as an instrument of French policy
Auld alliance
What was the situation w Ireland at the time of her accession
Wanted to be more English
Proclaimed Supreme Governor of Church of Ireland in 1560
Lacked power to impose Protestatitsm on Catholic population
How was relations w the Netherlands from 1558-70
Philip chief minister in Netherlands saw Elizabeth sponsoring Protestant rebels and so was not happy
Plague in London 1563 = excuse to ban all cloth trade in Netherlands
Calvinist riots in 1567
Sea Beggars
Brielle landing
Aiding rebels
How was relations w Spain from 1558-70
Deteriorated because of John Hawkins (English merchant) activities
Wanted to break Spanish trading monopoly in Caribbean
Infuriated Spanish interests
1568 his fleet was blockaded in Mexico
Philip II wanted more Spanish control of Netherlands
Elizabeth under pressure to defend Protestants Netherlands
Reluctant to take action after French issues
English harassed Spanish, e.g. Nov storm forced Several Spanish vessels which was intended to pay army but was forced to take shelter and so impounded the money
sorry that was long
was all copied and pasted
have at it
How was relations w France from 1558-70
Peace Treaty (CC) 1559
Calais negotiations
Conflict w Protestants and Catholics in France
Promised Hugeonot leader (Prince of Conde) 6000 men and loan of £30k with control of port
Army defeated and captured
C and Ps agreed to Peace Treaty since both leaders died
Treaty of Troyes 1564 (England)
Lost Calais permanently
Marriage negotiations between Elizabeth and Henry
Treaty of BLois 1572
Massacre of St Bartholomew (Protestants killed by Catholics)
Marriage negotatiations with Henry
How was relations w Scotland from 1558-70
French troops sent to garrison major Scottish fortresses much to alarm of John Knox (Protestant leader of Reformation)
Led to conflict of the Congregation
Reluctant to intervene w Scotland
Hated Knox, who had written ‘the monstrous regiment of women’
Cecil wanted Elizabeth to intervene to sympathise with Scottish Protestants
Wanted to rid of Mary as potential claimant to throne
Merge England and Scotland as big Protestant state
Cecil threatened to resign if Elizabeth refused to support him
So sent navy to stop French troops from landing in Scotland
Husband died, Guise family fell from power and influence on French policy came to end and so Mary had to return to Scotland so forced to accept political and religious power of enemies so fled to England
1569 Northern Rebellion
How was relations w Ireland from 1558-70
Martial law
bad relations w Gaelic Irish and Old English
lil uneventful
bit small flashcards
a win is a win
How were relations w Netherlands from 1570-85
Spanish Fury (mutiny of Spanish army united all 17 Dutch provinces)
Elizabeth liked
Elizabeth loaned Dutch £100k and agreed to send forces to Netherlands
France wanted to invade Netherlands
So Elizsbeth contemplated Duke of Anjou to convince him not to
Duke of Parma new Spanish commander made peace with Parma with south of Netherlands
Annexation of Portugal by Spain
Philip ordered construction of large navy
How were relations w Spain from 1570-85
Philip encouraged Northern Rebellion and Ridolfi Plot
Elizabeth excommunicated
Elizabeth expelled the Sea Beggars
Forced to land in Dutch port of Brielle
Full-scale revolt against Spanish rule
All provinces of Netherlands risen against what they saw as atrocities by Spanish army
Produced Pacification of Ghent which called for expulsion of foreign troops and provinces’ autonomy
But provinces quarrelled amongst themselves
Annexation of Portugal
Supported Portuguese pretenders
sorry theres so much
i a sitting here givin the prestan smirk cos i only gotta create em
u unlucky bitches gotta learn em
AAH
How were relations w France from 1570-85
Duke of Anjou died (Henry)
Protestant Henry became heir to throne
Catholic Guise league preventing Henry from becoming King of France
Secret treaty w Spain
HIII assassinated
French Civil War
Sent small army to support HIV
How were relations w Scotland from 1570-85
1571 Ridolfi Plot
1583 Throckmorton Plot
1585 Parry Plot
the flowerpower plot 2024
How were relations w Ireland from 1570-85
2 rebellions
not into u like that?? look at urself erin
How were relations w Netherlands from 1585-1603 (end)
Treaty of Nonsuch 1585
Sends army to help Dutch rebels
Earl of Leicester wastes supplies and argues with Dutch army
How were relations w Spain from 1585-1603 (end)
Only 2 provinces remained Protestant
William of Orange assassinated
Philip in agreement w France, maybe support Mary
Elizabeth sends troops to Netherlands to help Dutch Protestants under command of Earl of Leicester
Fought against each other
Drake sailed into Cadiz and singed the King of Spain’s beard
Preparation for Spanish Armada
1588 Spanish Armada
How were relations w France from 1585-1603 (end)
HIV defeated Catholic league
Catholics and Spanish sent troops to Brittany
How were relations w Scotland from 1585-1603 (end)
1586 Babington Plot
Government of Scotland passed to Protestant Lord and maintained good relationship w England
1586 Treaty of Berwick, James pays £4000 pension per annum
How were relations w Ireland from 1585-1603 (end)
finally smth interesting
Earl of Tyrone
Irish contingent exploited in 1596 Armada
Irish victorious at Battle of Yellow Ford
Tyrone controlled much of Ireland beyond the Pale
What was the situation w Netherlands at the end of her reign
Harvest failures
Famine in Spanish army caused naval blockade
What was the situation w Spain at the end of her reign
War drags on for 16yrs until both Elizabeth and Philip die
now thats fuckin petty
What was the situation w France at the end of her reign
HIV converted to Catholicism and made peace with Catholic league
HIV made peace with Spain
What was the situation w Scotland at the end of her reign
1587 Mary executed
What was the situation w Ireland at the end of her reign
Earl of Essex sent to be error as disobeyed orders
Instead of confronting Tyrone, made a truce
What happened in the Northern Rebellion 1569
Catholic nobles from Northern England wanted to dispose Liz and replace w Mary and overthrow Cecil
Get Duke of Norfolk to marry Mary
What was the PC reaction to the Northern Rebellion 1569
Unanimously demanded Norfolk’s execution
What was Beth’s reaction to the Northern Rebellion 1569
Appalled
i mean so wud i b
Urged Scots to restore Mary on their throne so wud leave England alone
What was the Ridolfi Plot 1571
Planned to assassinate and replace w Mary
im sensing a pattern here
Involved Philip II, Pope, Duke of Norfolk and Mark
that gotta b humbling to bethaldrine
How did the PC react to the 1571 Ridolfi Plot
Persuaded Elizabeth to summon Parliament
Needed to raise money
Secure execution of Norfolk and Mary
2 bills made by Cecil to have them executed just needed E to sign
What was Parliament’s reaction to the 1571 Ridolfi Plot
2 bills - execute Mary and barring her from succession
2 acts passed - banned Papal Bulls and high treason to deny E as queen
queen elishka
i like dat
How did Elizabeth react to the 1571 Ridolfi Plot
Delayed 2 times signing M’s death warrant
she was like
blud is blud, young blud
Finally agreed on Norfolk’s execution
Only considered barring M from succession
What was the 1583 Throckmorton Plot
To assassinate and replace w M
AGAIN
Francis Throckmorton guy involved confessed after torture
Wanted to restore RC
How did the PC react to the 1583 Throckmorton Plot
Tortured and executed Throckmorton
Established Bond of Association
What was the 1583 Bond of Association
In event of E’s murder, rebels would not benefit
mm ok
How did Parliament react to the 1583 Throckmorton Plot
1585 Act = expulsion of RC priests
Treason to become priests and death penalty to help them
a bit outta pocket
kid was tryna help a priest who fuckin fell n now he lives in the gallows
Treason extended on cause of plots
ok thats fair ig
How did E react to the 1583 Throckmorton Plot
Throckmorton was executed and Mary was moved to Tutbury Castle in Staffordshire, where she was held in isolation and allowed no visitors
What was the 1585 Parry Plot
Found wax replicas of E (voodoo dolls) in House of RC priests to try and end her life magically
im not joking
that fuckin happened
Attacks increased
William Parry worked for M and wanted E dead
How did the PC react to the 1585 Parry Plot
Felt betrayed by William Parry
i dont believe that is the biggest issue they were facing at the time
What was Parliament’s reaction to the 1585 Parry Plot
Was a bill issued for the Queen’s safety
um
why was that not their first reaction from THE FUCKIN REBELLION
sorry i rlly like lizzie
im just a concerned citizen
New law ordering all seminary priests to leave England within 40 days
Suffer high treason penalty if not
i mean
they shudve seen it comin
was kinda their fault
voodoo shitzoos
What was Elizabeth’s reaction to the 1585 Parry Plot
Shocked at use of witchcraft
me too bitch
Betrayal from within her gov since Parry also worked for her
Reaction overall was minimal
What was the 1586 Babington Plot
Murder Elizabeth and release Mary from captivity
Was monitored by Walsingham’s spies and saw Mary’s reply to Babington’s coded letter showing her involvement
Caused her death the following yr
stupid mf
What was the PC reaction to the 1586 Babington Plot
Persuaded reluctant E to put M on trial where M was found guilty
Pushed E to sign death warrant
M executed on 8th Feb 1587
What was Parliament’s reaction to the 1586 Babington Plot
Delegations from houses visiting Queen at Richmond
Demand M execution
Repeated that M must die
AND I MUST B THE ONE TO KILL HER
What was Elizabeth’s reaction to the 1586 Babington Plot
Tried to find other ways of dealing w M
E in tears w M’s letter abt her involvement n her begging for mercy
Rumour E only signed death warrant as was signing other papers n wasnt paying attention
but i dont buy it
not one bit
What were the possible solutions to the problem of MQOS
Restore Mary to her Scottish throne
Surrender Mary into the control of the Scottish Lords
Allow Mary freedom of movement in England
Allow Mary to go abroad
Imprison Mary
now discuss the probable advantages n disadvantages of each solution
trust
tis useful
What are arguments that suggest Elizabeth’s FP towards Spain was weak and unconvincing
During Battle of Gravelines 1588 was Spanish attempt to invade England, commanded by Duke of Medina Sidonia
But weather conditions meant initial plans were obstructed
After battle 600 of men were killed n many injured, n wind changed direction of ship instead of heading them towards the North Sea
Made the ships vulnerable
Therefore England could secure victory because of Spanish vulnerability of men
Policy of harassment rather than real strategy
Weak English leadership
Describe this harassment policy imposed by England onto Spain
Elizabeth impounded 400k florins that was intended to pay the army of Duke Alba
Also angered Spanish by investing in John Hawkins who infuriated Spanish to extent of blockading him in Mexico in 1568
Elizabeth expels sea beggars from English ports in 1572, forcing them to land in Dutch Port of Brielle
What are arguments that suggest E’s Spanish FP was indeed not weak and unconvincing
She achieved her aims within the foreign sphere of increasing English reputation on international stage
England relatively small and weaker power compared to Spain which was regarded as one of the world’s greatest powers who prepared for Anglo-Spanish war from 1585-7
Therefore E’s policy towards Spanish was strong as was able to exploit weather conditions and use as anchor to win
Established national security vw tight money w planned military stategy
What was the Treaty of Blois 1572
Between Elizabeth I of England and Catherine de’ Medici of France
France and England relinquished their historic rivalry and established an alliance against Spain
Did England maintain good relations w France after the massacre of St Bartholmew
Yes
u surprised
Who are the Huguenots
French Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries who followed the teachings of theologian John Calvin. Persecuted by the French Catholic government during a violent period, Huguenots fled the country in the 17th century, creating Huguenot settlements all over Europe, in the United States and Africa
How much did women n men earn as servants per yr
Men = £2
Women = £1
how very progressive of them
Why wud they use rain water not river water for baths
very random ik im just using sheets from class
icba to filter out the useless shi
Cos river water was infectious
What was specifically noticeable abt the one-roomed thatched cottages that the rural poor wud live in
The darkness
im not kidding
its in the textbook
What are some developments in architecture in her reign
Was the ‘Great Rebuilding’
Not E’s money but her subjects’
No longer defensive structures (moats, draw-bridges)
But now graphic styles, better structures to host other figures
Influenced by Italian Renaissance
E-shaped floors
Why was architecture development golden
Societal reformation, not just elites
Boosted economy
Global visitors
Technology improved for new ways of building, e.g. more glass
How did fashion develop
Gentry population increased
More disposable income
More ruffs
Importance of upkeep and one’s appearance
Display of power and status
How did theatre develop
Bible stories
Actors punished less as vagabonds
Had to be licensed
Puritans still not approve
Circular pit
Women not allowed to perform
But affordable for anyone
Up to 2000 people
Inclusive of all classes
Only additional pay for cushion and higher seats
How were books developing
Licensed printing press
‘Chap books’ = street cheap books more ppl cud read
John Foxe’s book of martyrs 1563
Propaganda
How was art developed in the golden age
not b to confused w the nazis
very dif
they had farmers
we have calais
Armada portrait
Establish power
Gloriana portrait
look up images in case im wrong <3
Did not have to b literate as was painting
How did music develop during Elizabeth’s reign
Used in E’s court
Patron of the arts
she was all up in that bass in that bass no trouble or treble idk the lyrics
Sunday church music
More viola and keyboard instruments
Saved musical culture of cathedrals and Oxford College when threatened by Protestant reformers
Was this all Elizabeth’s doing w golden age
Not necessarily dependent
But she catalysed developments due to her personal interest in the creative arts
How did economy develop in the later yrs of her reign
Set up trading companies of the Spanish, Dutch Cottage industries like nail making, soap manufacturing
yes thats it
rather useless if u ask me
How was poor death rates looking
Most of death by starvation had decreased
Most time pop cud b fed
Only one subsistence crisis in 1590s
Bitter yrs of bad harvest and harvest failure of 1594-7 helped shape poor laws
What laws helped control outward religious conformity n why
Penal laws of 1571, 81 and 85
E didnt care what religion u were inwardly as long as u outwardly didnt cause trouble to her middle way policy
What was the pop at end of reign
4 million
What provided the basis for the Elizabethan poor law legislation?
1601 Elizabethan Poor Law
Deserving poor
Those actively seeking work or were too old/young/ill to do so
Impotent poor
Deserving poor subcategory - those who could not look after themselves because of age/infirmity/orphans
Undeserving poor
Beggars/vagrants
Attitude to Ireland
Ireland should be subjected to a policy of ‘Englishness’ in both religious and secular matters
What happened in Ireland after the death of Elizabeth, under the rule of the new King James I?
Committed to return to policy 70 yrs later of entrusting rule in Ireland to local nobility, notably the unreliable Tyrone
What was the situation like in Scotland?
So long as they remained an independent and separate state possibility of border conflict remained
Continuation on borders of lawless subculture which placed large emphasis on casual violence and rustling of sheep and cattle created problems for authorities of both countries
Where did food riots take place?
London
Kent
id start one too
MORE MASHED POTATOES
What were some examples of Catholic opposition
Church Papists
Separatists
Jesuits
Church Papists
Catholics who outwardly conformed to the established church while maintaining their Catholic faith in secret
Separatists
Separatists did not want a national church.
Wanted parishes to establish their own churches based on the Bible’s teachings
By 1583, small groups of Separatists were emerging
Their activities were illegal
Jesuits
They were created to bring people back to the Catholic church (also known as the Counter reformation)
Arrived in England in 1580 and were a direct threat to Elizabeth’s rule
Were treated harshly if caught, a law in 1585 called for all Jesuits and Priests to be driven from England
Many executed
Name some causes of poverty
Population growth
Standard of living dropped
Vagrancy rose
Made care of poor now community’s responsibility so increased taxes to help
Rising inflation
Poor harvests
Starvation
Real wages cut
Enclosure
How much did pop rise by in reign
From 3 to 4 million
Rise in fertility and falling death rate
What did the 1563 Act for the Relief of the Poor entail
Required all parish residents to contribute to poor collections, and further provided for the punishment of refusal to contribute
What did the Act of 1578 establish
Transferred power from JPs to church officials in area to collecting new taxes for the relief of poverty established in 1572 act
How was urbanisation a cause of poverty
Was a higher concentration of people in a small area (e.g. London)
Meant larger number of people chasing few jobs and also more disease and an insufficient food supply
What is rack-renting and how did it cause poverty
When excessive, extortionate rent is obtained by threat of eviction resulting in uncompensated dispossession of improvements the tenant himself made
that was a lot of big words
Why did Elizabeth only ask catholics n puritans to outwardly conform to her middle way religious settlement
She said she had ‘no desire to make windows into men’s souls’ meaning she had no intention of intruding into the personal theological views of citizens only reduce conflict and religious upheaval/division by outwardly conforming
