Elizabeth - Main Info Flashcards
now now this is a breadthy topic
strap on ur boots and put on ur sailing hats
cos this ship boutta float
we gon start off by discussing the problems that elizabeth encountered when she came to the throne
there were many
yh
What did Beth have to decide abt the Privy Council
Its composition
Choice of councillors = indication of religious settlement of her reign
i mean i wudnt go that far but sure
What was the decision that Elizabeth had to decide upon regarding religious settlement of the country
culty or cunty?
She could follow the English Catholicism of her father, Protestantism of her brother, or Roman CC of her sister OR SECRET OPTION D follow smth of her own
Also had to think abt fact that Pope might excommunicate her at any moment, as he would regard her as illegitimate
What was the issue w the disputed succession
She was not seen as the legitimate heir to the throne by Roman Catholics who supported cousin Mary Queen of Scots
very rare u see ppl rooting 4 a ginger
Mary was also backed by Henry II of France
WELL LIZZIE DIDNT NEED NO MAN
What was the issue w Ireland
they felt the need to express their InDiViduALItY
Mary Tudor attempted to colonise them by introducing a system of English plantations and was causing unrest
Ireland was staunchly Catholic and had refused to accept HVIII as Head of Church
LET DERRY JUST B DERRY FFS
What were the concerns w the Catholic Hadsburgs
England had traditionally maintained an alliance with the Hadbsburg family
They ruled Spain, the HRE and the Spanish Netherlands
The alliance preserved the balance of power in Europe
However Hadsburgs were yet again STAUNCHLY Catholic
Bethaldrine needed to work out how to keep alliance despite her own Protestantism
Now what she gon do abt the French troops in Scotland that have overstayed their welcome
1558 = Scotland ruled by the French regent and widow of James V, Mary of Guise, on behalf of her daughter, Mary, Queen of Scots, who was being brought up in France
Traditional ‘auld alliance’ between S and F and presence of French troops in Scotland posed threat to English security
personally i think we shud all play some go fish n get over ourselves but u know
im no monarch
How she gon end the war w France?
1558 = England still technically at war w France
i mean…its just a technicality, no?
Elizabeth needed to make peace w France but permanent loss of Calais wud b seen as humiliation
NOW AS IF THESE PROBLEMS ARENT ENUF
How can she pay off the crown’s debts and restore the royal finances? What issue was dis?
They were severely strained due to war w France
Mary Tudor left debt of £300,000 and had resorted to selling crown lands and only served to weaken monarchy’s finances in long run
here’s an idea…SELL THE PALACES WHY U NEED 135353 of em??!
now as if this is only the TIP OF THE ICEBERG as titanicans wud say
Let’s discuss the problems that were facing England in 1558
what a +ve atmosphere this deck shall bring us
idk why theo likes beth so much so far it aint lookin swell
How did England see Lizzie as being an ‘inexperienced queen’ an issue
Majority of English people welcomed her accession
She was young and seemed to promise new beginning after Mary’s setbacks
But some feared weak rule from an inexperienced woman
fuckin sexist piglets
Stability in Tudor gov seemed to require a strong, male monarch and an undisputed heir
right right
so we just gon forget abt
HITLER
OSAMA BIN LADEN
TRUMP
STALIN
FUCKIN BOWSER FROM NINTENDO
HVIII
MEN R NOT THE ANSWER
What religious divisions worried England in 1558
Majority of ppl, including many gentry and nobility, were probs still Catholic
allegiance to the monarch n whatnot. athiests rlly do b chillin too much in these tudor endz
These Catholics believed services shud b in Latin n churches shud b highly decorated
Some believed Pope is only true Head of CC, altho some begun accepting monarch as Head since HVIII
Protestantism still strong in London, south east, universities and among politically active classes who believed monarch in charge of country’s religion, that services shud b English and churches shud b plain
Another religion divided population = Marian Exiles, extreme Protestants, had fled to to Protestant strongholds in Europe, like Geneva during Mary’s reign
They returned to England in 1558, expecting to be offered influential governmental posts and to oversee establishment of Calvinist or Puritan Church of England
What threats from abroad worried England
England was a weak country compared to France and Spain, both of whom were Catholic
Philip II was married to Mary and after her death intended to propose to Elizabeth
THIS SOUNDS LIKE AN EPISODE OF EASTENDERS OR SOME SHI
But if England became Protestant he might organise a Catholic crusade against it
bitch rlly said i take what i want when i want it, n i want ya…BAD BAD NEWS
But most pressing 1558 threat was Scotland under French control
Scottish Mary declared that she, not Bethy, was legitimate Queen of England
Her claim was supported by Catholics in England, raising prospect of war
*heavy scottish accent: wAs tHe LanD of ThE gREatS nOt goOd EnUF foR yoUS?!
How was the loss of Calais a problem for England 1558
Seen as stain on country’s honour
Possession of Calais = symbolic of time when English Kings saw themselves also as Kings of France
feel like they pullin on straws here a tad but aight
If Elizabeth accepted its loss, England’s status in Europe and prestige of monarchy by implication was further reduced
Now how was the rice in prices and a problem
a lil self explanatory if u ask me but anyhoo
Most ppl lived in countryside and made a living w growing crops
Most important industry - manufacture and export of woollen cloth
Both population and prices rising since beginning of 1500s
Some landlords had tried to increase income by enclosing their land, leading to increase in unemployment
In early 1550s trade with Antwerp, main market for English cloth abroad had collapsed, throwing 1000s of spinners and weavers out of work
In countryside tenants faced higher rents as landlords tried to keep rents in line with prices, while in the towns workers saw the value of their wages decrease
How was the rise in unemployment a problem
yet again
a tad too obvious
Poverty and unemployment were increasing, especially among the lower classes
The problem of inflation was exacerbated by the bad harvests and flu epidemics (which killed 200k people) of Mary’s reign
Atmosphere of gloom and pessimism made hard to generate wealth necessary for a prosperous economy, situation made worse by repeated debasements of coinage
Melting down coins and reminting them w a lower gold content benefited crown financially
But made a loss of confidence in England’s currency which harmed trade
How did Catherine Parr influence Elizabeth for the better
Was step mother to Elizabeth
Brought her back to court
Acting as a role model and mother figure to her
cute
Now Thomas Seymour
u know how they say every lil hometown has a local paedo
well he was that one
So what did he do
Teased her
Assaulted her
Knew she was in line to throne in future so was unofficially courting her
Was yes a paedophile
not pluviophille. that wudve done less damage
Some historians suggest that the trauma she obtained from her time w Seymour caused her to be cautious of men and hence never settle down n marry
actual slay…if one man hurts me den i stay clear of all of em
jeez louise lemon squeeze if i lived by that logic id b alone in every lifetime
Who was Kat Ashley n why tf am i supposed to care
She was Elizabeth’s governess
Loved by Bethaldrine
Taught her maths, languages, sewing, geography, dancing, deportment (how to compose yourself), and riding
Who was Roger Ascham to Elizabeth
Was Elizabeth’s tutor from 1548-50
Helped her be fluent in French, Italian and Latin by 14 yrs old
Protestant
How was Elizabeth and Edward’s relationship
Were originally close when they were younger
Continued to write to each other as they grew older
Both Protestant
Had restricted visits until Henry’s death and were last together crying hugging when dad died
How was Mary and Elizabeth’s relationship
oh this aint gon b good
Very little interest
Learnt from Mary’s political mistakes
Cold hearted to Elizabeth
Threatened her
Catholic vs Protestant
Who was William Cecil, Lord Burghley
Was a cautious and devout man
In FP was keen to assert English independence, maintain English security and avoid going to war unless national interest demanded it
Saw Dudley as a mere adventurer whose sole aim was to enrich his friends and gain power for himself
fuck me did someone call the fun police
to put simply
drilla n skrilla did not get along
Who was Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester
1560 = established himself as Elizabeth’s favourite at court
Tall and extremely handsome
yh ill b the judge of that senors
Gifted but unreliable and arrogant
Influence with Queen caused dislike and distrust
Once was obvious that Bethaldrine did not intend to marry him, Dudley worked hard to prevent her marrying anyone else as this would lead to a decline in his influence
dumb fuck rlly said if i cant have this bitch no one can
Was eager to cast Elizabeth as the champion of international Protestantism, so constantly urged military intervention to support Protestant rebels in France and the Netherlands
Who were the 2 main political divisions in the start of Elizabeth’s reign
William Cecil and Robert Dudley
Who were the 2 main political divisions in the end of Elizabeth’s reign
Robert Cecil (William’s son)
Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex
Talk abt this kid Robert Cecil
Was groomed
THOMAS IS BACK?!
Was groomed to succeed his father in office, although his advancement was not rapid
His great organisational skills were eventually recognised, but Essex viewed him as his principal rival and his advancement was delayed
Cecil’s impatience led him to exploit the patronage system as a means to gain prizes for himself and his followers and to reduce Essex’s influence
Now talk abt his lover from another sister
Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex
Was charming and brilliant
Greedy and ambitious
He wanted to control royal patronage and appoint all his friends to court and government positions
Essex replaced his stepfather, Leicester, as the Queen’s favourite despite the difference in their ages and was openly jealous of other men at court, especially Robert Cecil
Aggressive in council meetings where his desire for military glory led him to promote dashing campaigns against the Spanish
What tactics did Bethamhouse use to control her council
Participated in discussions to prevent the council agreeing on formal advice which she would later reject
Refused to deal with council as whole, only smaller groups abt policy
Kept accurate notes, which she used to question councillors closely and catch them out
Promoted decisions among her councillors, encouraging them to compete for rewards
Consulted with men outside the council, particularly foreign ambassadors
She displayed affection, anger and even violence
competitions for who gave the best head
no not rlly
that ones 4 me
What are examples of Elizabeth displaying anger and even violence
being a woman
what treason
Exclusion of Leicester and Walsingham from court
Put Arundel on house arrest
sounds like a free vacay to me
Imprisoned Davison and Croft
Executed Norfolk and Essex
What did Cecil contribute to Elizabethan government regarding Scotland
Pushed Elizabeth to aid Scottish rebels in 1560 to secure the success of the Scottish Reformation and the subsequent expulsion of French troops from Scotland since she was reluctant to
What did Cecil do in 1568 regarding Spanish that firmly established him as Lizzie’s Chief Adviser and consequently Lord Burghley in 1571
Spanish treasure ships were on way to pay Spanish soldiers in the Netherlands for their services
what kind of services…?;)
These ships were seized while sheltering in ports along the coast of Devon and Cornwall
This seizure challenged the power of Spain
Cecil argued here dat as the money wouldn’t legally belong to the Spanish soldiers until it reached the Netherlands, it still technically belonged to the lenders where the money came from which were Genoese bankers (city in Italy, Genoa)
Therefore Elizabeth was technically free to ‘borrow’ it
just like i ‘borrowed’ avanis virginity
Cecil was created Lord Burghley 4 his intelligence
What happened in 1585 regarding Cecil (Burghley) n dat cash
Had to cope with the financial and administrative burden caused by war w Spain while struggling with his own declining health
pookie???
Now list the main achievements of Cecil by his death in 1598
keep lizzie away from other men…kid rlly said if i cant have her no one can <3
Drafting Beth’s correspondence with foreign ambassadors and agents as executor and principal adviser for foreign advisers
Continuing a prudent economic policy (cutting gov expenditure, save from ordinary revenues and selling crown lands)
Creating intelligence service at home and abroad
Managing House of Commons and Lords business
Providing effective administration methods for Privy Council
Creating Elizabeth political regime acceptance propaganda
What issues caused divide amongst the council
The MQOS situation
Whether or not she should marry Catholic Archduke Charles of Austria
Whether to give military aid to the Protestant rebels in the Netherlands in their fight against Spain
Proposed marriage between Elizabeth and the French Duke of Alencon
What was Elizabeth’s most important weapon when handling her own personality
crickets
no
well maybe
Her own personality
Through carefully crafted speeches she could charm, admonish, bully, threaten and wheedle, but chiefly, ‘stand on her considerable dignity’, reminding MPs and peers that they were her subjects and she was their Queen, chosen by God’
Also prepared to use her powers of arrest and veto when necessary
How was attendance in Parliament
Was never good
damn
Declined according according to their length
Procedures to chastise and fine absentees were introduced
What % of MPs spoke in debates and voted
Only 10% spoke
Only 47% voted
How many times was Parliament summoned in a 46 yr long reign
13 sessions
What is the orthodox view of parliamentary opposition
Neale’s view
Power of House of Commons increased and conflicted w traditional structure w Lords on top
im feeling yummy
Roots of Civil War of 1640s lay in Elizabeth’s reign when Commons gained in self-confidence and developed a growing awareness of its powers
Were heated debates and factions amongst Parliament
Puritan Choir extremist group was allowed in Parliament n disrupted sessions
What is the revisionist view about parliamentary opposition
Parliament did duty of voting subsidies, debate, grant taxes and pass bills/laws
Elizabeth encouraged divisions to receive rewards and patronage
Parliament keen to represent local grievances
Heated debates were part of regular Parliamentary function
What changed abt the Privy Chamber for Elizabethan reign
Was private rooms where Lizzie wud eat accompanied by ladies in waiting away from public gaze
Less influential as Gentlemen of the PC as they no longer had rights to access monarch that they had formally enjoyed
Admission carefully granted
Who was Sir Walter Raleigh
Courtier
Adventurer
avanis lover
now howd that get in here
Pioneer in colonising North America
One of Lizzie’s favourites
Courageous
Good-looking
imma need to see 4 maself on that one
Introduced potatoes and tobacco to England
and 4 lunch we have potatoes and a…cigarette
What was the difference between the deserving and undeserving poor
Deserving = entitled to receive some form of limited assistance to alleviate condition (old, widows and disabilities preventing them from working)
Undeserving = entitled to be punished
How did Elizabeth manage to re-stabilise the currency
balancing coins
Scheme announced for withdrawal of debased coins and replacement was soundly minted coins
Some suffered w replacement, but did ensure only sound coins were in circulation and government wisely did not resort to debasement during rest of century
Prices still rose, but no longer government to blame
How did many returning Protestant exiles view Elizabeth
‘English Deborah’
Old Testament heroin who had protected Israelites from their Canaanite enemies
Analogy - Lizzie wud protect godly from ‘evils’ and ‘superstitions’ of Catholicism
feel like they grabbin at straws rn
What was the fundamental paradox of Elizabeth’s reign to do w Deborah
Was a reluctant ‘Deborah’ as many of her religious problems were stemmed from her unwillingness to fulfill role alloted to her by more religiously enthusiastic councillors
so she was acc more like one of the lions in daniel and the lions verse
yes
born to eat, forced to b calm
Name some religious contradictions in Elizabeth’s reign (conservative and evangelical)
Most enthusiastic supporters often demonstrated Protestant zeal which ensured loyalty to queen but was wholly at variance w Elizabeth’s own sceptical and sometimes conservative approach to religious matters
What are the 2 events that defined religious settlement from 1558-63
1562 publication of ‘An apology of the Church of England’ - argued England was returning to true position by Church of Rome (Catholic)
1563 publication 39 Articles of Religion - defined difference between Church of England and CC
How was Elizabeth’s Church of England seen to have become Reformed Protestantism in its doctrine/beliefs but half reformed in its structures/practices
Vision of leading members of Church was not shared by queen as was half-reformed in structures, disciplinary procedures, services and clerical dress
Examples of how Elizabethan religious settlement affected religious practice in the parishes
burnt all of the men
all of them
Devotees of images thrown into fire before cathedral
Many parishes slow to take down altars and images, others hid em away n not throw em out
Strict performance of clergy
Avoidance of contention and strife
What is a key difference in age n character between Elizabeth and Mary
E - succeeded at 25, better education, more shrewder grasp of political processes
M - succeeded at 37
dont have to explain how mary was stupider in gov and was less politically experienced
feel like it gon b a real downer
What were her 3 short term aims as she ascended the throne
To consolidate her position
To settle religious issues
To pursue a peaceful settlement w the French
How was Elizabeth’s accession fairly straightforward
um
in brief
she was next in line to the throne
this aint no lion king situation
Mary’s councillors were aware their political careers were over but did not bother to interfere
Mary recognised Elizabeth as her successor and Philip of Spain sent his envoy to see Elizabeth a month before Mary’s death
damn
dat a bit harsh
How was Elizabeth’s succession difficult
England had suffered bad harvests meaning food was scarce was expensive
Flu epidemic brought about the highway rate of mortality since the Black Death which was 2 centuries beforehand
wAs PrActiCally yEsTERdaY
England lost Calais to France and religion was divided
What was the purpose of the Act of Supremacy 1559
Restored in law the royal supremacy of the Church of the Church which was established under HVIII and then removed under Mary I
What were the 6 main elements to the 1559 Supremacy Act
Papal supremacy
HVIII Reformation legislation restored
Powers of royal visitation of the Church as enjoyed by HVIII revived
Queen is ‘supreme governor’, not supreme head of church
Oath of supremacy was taken by clergymen and church officials and penalties for refusing
this act»>ur act
What was the purpose of the Act of Uniformity 1559
Specified use of a single Book of Common Prayer
Modified version of second book that Cranmer introduced in 1552
What were the main 2 modifications made to Cranmer’s Second Book of Common Prayer 1552
Variations in Eucharistic Belief were possible in that both the 1549 wording were permitted
‘Black Rubric’ included in 1552 prayer book to explain practice of kneeling at administration of Eucharist was omitted (excluded)
What was the purpose of the 1559 Royal Injunctions
They were a set of instructions about the conduct of church services and government of the Church issued in the queen’s name as supreme governor
On previous occasions they had been used by the Crown as a mechanism for imposing its will in relation to church practices
List the 3 instructions given by the Royal Injunctions
that was oddly formal
Made clear their Protestant character
Emphasises suppression of superstition
Parish churches were required to purchase an English Bible
What was the FP situation w France at the start of Elizabeth’s reign
if i was listening correctly
jumanji was her sister
England was at conflict w France due to Mary’s involvement w Spain against them (marriage w Phil)
Not only did England lose Calais but war weakened crown’s finances
What were the terms of the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis 1559
France wud retain Calais for 8 yrs after which time wud b restored to English control provided England kept peaces in meantime
If France failed to return Calais agreed to pay 500,000 crowns (£125k) to England
What problems emerged in Scotland and France in 1559
Problems emerged after death of Henry II following an accident in a jousting match
lemme guess
he got stabbed
how did NO ONE see that coming
Was succeeded by eldest son Francis II whose wife (Mary Queen of Scots) was Elizabeth’s cousin
ahh n now the fun begins
Power brought strong Catholic faction to power in France
Who was a hater of female rulers n therefore Elizabeth hated him n why
John Knox
Wrote ‘The First Blast of the Trumpet against the Monstrous Regiment of Women’
1558 publication
Attack on female and Catholic rule of Mary Tudor and Mary of Guise (mother of Mary Queen of Scots)
Asserted was no biblical justification for female rulership
Argued female rule was repugnant to nature
i know what ur thinking
how fuckin transphobic
What was Elizabeth’s attitude to Scotland
Cautious about interfering in the domestic affairs of another nation in which subjects were rebelling against sovereign authoirty and was reluctant intervene in Scotland
