Hunger & the Chemical Senses

Question 1

Hunger is cued by

Answer 1

low glucose (and glycogen) levels

Question 2

Short-term glycogen stores

Answer 2

in the liver, but also in muscles and brain

Question 3

Long-term glycogen stores

Answer 3

adispose tissue/fat, 1g carries 9kcals (compared to glycogen’s 4kcal)

Question 4

NPY

Answer 4

neuropeptide y is an appetite stimulant which acts in the hypothalamus, leads to food-seeking behvaiours and increased consumption of carbs

Question 5

CCK

Answer 5

cholecystokinin is a short-term statiety signal sent by receptors in the small intestine

Question 6

Leptin

Answer 6

a long-term satiety signal secreted by adipose tissue to inhibit NPY, can become resistant to its effect

Question 7

Tastebuds

Answer 7

contain 50-150 taste receptor cells, 2/3s on the tongue and the rest on the soft palate and opening of the throat

Question 8

Sweet

Answer 8

energy-rich foods

Question 9

sour

Answer 9

harmful, spoiled, or potentially poisonous

Question 10

bitter

Answer 10

harmful, spoiled, or potentially poisonous

Question 11

salty

Answer 11

electrolytes

Question 12

umami/savoury

Answer 12

amino acids - glutamate and aspartate

Question 13

Taste signal is first sent to…

Answer 13

the medulla, where unconscious reactions such as gagging can be triggered

Question 14

The Gustatory Cortex

Answer 14

contains specific neurons that respond to each of the five different tastes - connects with other areas of the brain to produce the experience of eating

Question 15

Flavour

Answer 15

created by the orbital cortex using info from the gustatory cortex and the olfactory cortex

Question 16

The experience of food

Answer 16

created by the gustatory cortex using information from the somatosensory cortex

Question 17

the nasopharynx

Answer 17

odorants from the masticated food can travel up the back of the throat to this area, allowing “flavour” to be experienced

Question 18

Smell comes from…

Answer 18

the chemical stimuli of molecules found in the air

Question 19

Odorants enter the ____ and ____ in the ____ of your nose

Answer 19

nasal cavity, dissolve, mucus

Question 20

Olfactory Cilia

Answer 20

hair-like structures which the molecules bind to, 10-20 each send info to the olfactory receptor cells (epithelium)

Question 21

Process

Answer 21

cilia -> receptors -> glomeruli -> rest of brain