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Humoral Immune Response Flashcards

1
Q

What type of humoral response is by immunoglobulins produced in another animals

A

Passive adaptive

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2
Q

What type of humoral immunity is produced by ingesting colostrum

A

Passive natural

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3
Q

What type of humoral immunity occurs when an animal has acquired a disease and produces its own antibodies?

A

Active natural

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4
Q

What type of humoral immunity occurs when an animal is injected with a vaccine?

A

Active artificial

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5
Q

BCR and antibodies belong to the _______________________ of receptors

A

Immunoglobulin superfamily

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6
Q

B lymphocyte receptors are composed of _______ and ________ chains

A

Light and heavy

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7
Q

The ____________ region of the antibody binds antigen and is made up of both light and heavy chains

A

Variable

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8
Q

What are the 5 types of heavy chains, and what antibody to they correspond to?

A 
a - IgA
y - IgG
Delta - IgD
E - IgE
u - IgM
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9
Q

Within the variable regions of BCR, what are the two regions?

A

Hypervariable regions (aka complementarity determining regions CDR))

Framework regions

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10
Q

The variable region of the BCR is folded so the _______________ region forms the antigen binding site

A

Hypervariable region

Complementarity-determining regions (CDR)

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11
Q

The heavy chain of the BCR of a, y, and delta have how many constant domains within the variable region?

A

3

CH1, CH2, CH3

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12
Q

The heavy chain of the BCR of u and E have how many constant domains within the variable region?

A

4

CH1, CH2, CH3, CH4

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13
Q

What is the function of the constant domains of the variable regions of BCR?

A

Stabilize the antigen binding site

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14
Q

Antibodies contain a _________ region that allows the movement binding regions which increases its interaction with antigens

A

Hinge region

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15
Q

One BCR can bind how many antigens?

A

2

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16
Q

A BCR signal is transduced into the cell by ?

A

CD79

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17
Q

The __________co-receptor of B lymphocytes binds to C3d on the antigen and transmits a signal through ___________ to enhance B cell response

A

CD21; CD19

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18
Q

________ helper T cells are involved in the humoral response by producing what 4 interleukins?

A

TH2

IL4, IL5, IL6, and IL13

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19
Q

____________ from TH2 stimulates growth and differentiation of Bcells, increased expression of MHCII, and induce Ig class switching

A

IL4

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20
Q

________ from TH2 cells stimulates Bcell differentiation into plasma cells, IgM and IgG production, selective IgA production, and in combination with IL4 stimulates IgE production

A

IL5

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21
Q

______ from TH2 is required for the final differentiation of plasma cells, combination with IL5 induces production of IgA, and combination with IL1 induces IGM production.

A

IL6

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22
Q

_______ from TH2 is required for optimal induction of IgE

A

IL13

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23
Q

Binding of what co-stimulators molecules between TH2 and APC leases to IL4 production and B cell proliferation

A

CD154 (TH2) bound to CD40 (Bcell)

24
Q

Bcells undergo somatic mutation as they respond to antigen presentation. If the mutation reduced their antigen binding ability they will undergo __________

25
What is the serum concentration of the 5 antibodies from greatest to least
``` IgG IgM IgA (in saliva, milk, and GI fluids) IgD IgE ```
26
Where are IgG antibodies produced??
Plasma cells in spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow
27
What functions do IgG perform in humoral immunity?
Inflammation Agglutination Opsonization Activate classical complement pathway
28
What is the structure of IgM as a soluble antibody and as a BCR?
BCR - monomer attached to cell membrane Antibody - pentamer linked by J chain (polypeptide) All IgM have an additional constant region (CH4)
29
IgM is the primary antigen produced in the ____________ immune response. What are its functions?
Primary immune response Opsonization Virus neutralization Agglutination Not important to inflammation
30
What is the structure of IgA?
Dimer of antibodies linked by J chain; secretory component
31
Where is IgA found?
Body surface secretions: intestine, respiratory, urinary, skin, and mammary glands (Transported through intestinal epithelial cells to external secretions)
32
Where is IgE produced ?
Plasma cells located under body surfaces
33
What is the structure of IgE
Typical Ig with additional content region (CH4)
34
___________ antibody is attached to the FceRI on mast cells and basophils
IgE
35
What is the function of IgE?
Inflammation Release of inflammatory molecules from mast cells Type 1 hypersensitivity Parasite
36
IgD is not present in what species?
Cat, chicken, and rabbit
37
Where are IgD found and what is its main action?
Mainly attached to Bcells Circulating IgD can bind to basophils Mediate link between innate and adaptive immune response
38
What is the difference between isotype, allotype, and idotype?
Isotype- class of antibody (eg IgG or IgA) Allotype - genetic differences in a molecule between members of the same species (IgG (A1) or IgG (A2)) Idiotype - unique differences between antibodies of different antigen binding specificities, determined by the variable region
39
Describe gene recombination that leads to expression of different antibody types
Gene contains variable regions and constant regions variable regions are linked with the appropriate constant regions by gene recombination and deletion of intervening sequences that are not required Gene with variable region and constant region exon RNA splicing removes introns Translation to protein
40
Naive B lymphocytes express what two classes of membrane bound antibodies that function as antigen receptors?
IgD and IgM
41
What is affinity maturation?
Repeated exposure to a protein antigen results in the production of antibodies with increasing affinity for the antigen
42
How do B and T cells enter the lymph node from the blood vessels
High endothelial venues (HEV) have receptors for cell-surface proteins of T and Bcells. Bind receptors -> cell extravasate into the lymph node
43
What occurs in the lymph node that leads to activation of Bcells?
dendritic cells present antigen on MHC to Th2 cells Th2 cells produce cytokines - IL4, IL5, IL6, IL13 Bcells activated
44
Bcells can function as antigen presenting cells. What is the process of antigen presentation and what co-receptors are involved?
Bcell phagocytose antigen bound to BCR Antigen processed and presented on MHC II to a Tcell CD4 of Th cell binds MHC II CD28 (Tcell) bound to B7(Bcell) CD40L (Tcell) bound to CD40 (Bcell)
45
What cells are present in the germinal center of the lymph node
Dividing Bcells make up centroblast Resting Bcells make up centrocytes Follicular dendritic cells Surrounded by Th cells
46
What are produced from the germinal centers that leaves the lymph node in the efferent vessel?
Plamsa cells ->bone marrow IgM excreted from plasma cells in the medullary cord (primary immune response)
47
What are the effector mechanisms of antibodies for bacterial toxins?
Neutralization Bacterial toxin wants to bind cell receptors Antibody binds the toxin to prevent binding --> phagocytosis by macrophage
48
What is the effector mechanism for bacteria in the extracellular space?
Opsonization Antibodies bind bacteria Macrophage binds Fc region of antibody --> phagocytosis
49
What is the effector mechanism for antibodies against bacteria in plasma?
Complement activation Antibody bound to bacteria and activates complement pathway Ingestion and lysis
50
How is diversity of variable regions of antibodies achieved?
Gene recombination Somatic mutation Gene conversion
51
What are the two light chain loci, located on different chromosomes?
Kappa | Lambda
52
How are unwanted genes deleted in gene recombination?
Looping out Form a loop to bring desired genes together, recombinase cuts and joins ends. Loop is excised and destroyed
53
What the steps of gene recombination to leading to a compete light chain protein??
DNA rearrangement -> join V and J genes Transcription -> mRNA MRNA -> splice to remove introns (V, J, and C regions) Translation -> protein
54
Each B cell has _____ attempts to make a functional gene rearrangement
4 2 rearrangement with kappa chain 2 rearrangements with lambda chain
55
The variable regions (CDR) of TCR are formed by __________________ . Bcells have 3 different CDR's, CDR1 and CDR2 are generated by ___________ and CD3 is generated by __________
Gene conversion; somatic mutation, gene conversion
56
How are Bcell somatic mutants selected?
Based on antigen affinity | Bcells that bind antigen strongly are stimulated while those that weakly bind undergo apoptosis

RUSVM Immunology (10 decks)

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