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RUSVM Immunology > Humoral Immune Response > Flashcards

Humoral Immune Response Flashcards

1
Q

What type of humoral response is by immunoglobulins produced in another animals

A

Passive adaptive

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2
Q

What type of humoral immunity is produced by ingesting colostrum

A

Passive natural

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3
Q

What type of humoral immunity occurs when an animal has acquired a disease and produces its own antibodies?

A

Active natural

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4
Q

What type of humoral immunity occurs when an animal is injected with a vaccine?

A

Active artificial

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5
Q

BCR and antibodies belong to the _______________________ of receptors

A

Immunoglobulin superfamily

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6
Q

B lymphocyte receptors are composed of _______ and ________ chains

A

Light and heavy

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7
Q

The ____________ region of the antibody binds antigen and is made up of both light and heavy chains

A

Variable

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8
Q

What are the 5 types of heavy chains, and what antibody to they correspond to?

A 
a - IgA
y - IgG
Delta - IgD
E - IgE
u - IgM
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9
Q

Within the variable regions of BCR, what are the two regions?

A

Hypervariable regions (aka complementarity determining regions CDR))

Framework regions

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10
Q

The variable region of the BCR is folded so the _______________ region forms the antigen binding site

A

Hypervariable region

Complementarity-determining regions (CDR)

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11
Q

The heavy chain of the BCR of a, y, and delta have how many constant domains within the variable region?

A

3

CH1, CH2, CH3

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12
Q

The heavy chain of the BCR of u and E have how many constant domains within the variable region?

A

4

CH1, CH2, CH3, CH4

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13
Q

What is the function of the constant domains of the variable regions of BCR?

A

Stabilize the antigen binding site

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14
Q

Antibodies contain a _________ region that allows the movement binding regions which increases its interaction with antigens

A

Hinge region

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15
Q

One BCR can bind how many antigens?

A

2

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16
Q

A BCR signal is transduced into the cell by ?

A

CD79

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17
Q

The __________co-receptor of B lymphocytes binds to C3d on the antigen and transmits a signal through ___________ to enhance B cell response

A

CD21; CD19

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18
Q

________ helper T cells are involved in the humoral response by producing what 4 interleukins?

A

TH2

IL4, IL5, IL6, and IL13

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19
Q

____________ from TH2 stimulates growth and differentiation of Bcells, increased expression of MHCII, and induce Ig class switching

A

IL4

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20
Q

________ from TH2 cells stimulates Bcell differentiation into plasma cells, IgM and IgG production, selective IgA production, and in combination with IL4 stimulates IgE production

A

IL5

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21
Q

______ from TH2 is required for the final differentiation of plasma cells, combination with IL5 induces production of IgA, and combination with IL1 induces IGM production.

A

IL6

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22
Q

_______ from TH2 is required for optimal induction of IgE

A

IL13

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23
Q

Binding of what co-stimulators molecules between TH2 and APC leases to IL4 production and B cell proliferation

A

CD154 (TH2) bound to CD40 (Bcell)

24
Q

Bcells undergo somatic mutation as they respond to antigen presentation. If the mutation reduced their antigen binding ability they will undergo __________

A

Apoptosis

25
Q

What is the serum concentration of the 5 antibodies from greatest to least

A 
IgG
IgM
IgA (in saliva, milk, and GI fluids) 
IgD
IgE
26
Q

Where are IgG antibodies produced??

A

Plasma cells in spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow

27
Q

What functions do IgG perform in humoral immunity?

A

Inflammation
Agglutination
Opsonization
Activate classical complement pathway

28
Q

What is the structure of IgM as a soluble antibody and as a BCR?

A

BCR - monomer attached to cell membrane

Antibody - pentamer linked by J chain (polypeptide)

All IgM have an additional constant region (CH4)

29
Q

IgM is the primary antigen produced in the ____________ immune response. What are its functions?

A

Primary immune response

Opsonization
Virus neutralization
Agglutination

Not important to inflammation

30
Q

What is the structure of IgA?

A

Dimer of antibodies linked by J chain; secretory component

31
Q

Where is IgA found?

A

Body surface secretions: intestine, respiratory, urinary, skin, and mammary glands

(Transported through intestinal epithelial cells to external secretions)

32
Q

Where is IgE produced ?

A

Plasma cells located under body surfaces

33
Q

What is the structure of IgE

A

Typical Ig with additional content region (CH4)

34
Q

___________ antibody is attached to the FceRI on mast cells and basophils

A

IgE

35
Q

What is the function of IgE?

A

Inflammation
Release of inflammatory molecules from mast cells

Type 1 hypersensitivity
Parasite

36
Q

IgD is not present in what species?

A

Cat, chicken, and rabbit

37
Q

Where are IgD found and what is its main action?

A

Mainly attached to Bcells
Circulating IgD can bind to basophils

Mediate link between innate and adaptive immune response

38
Q

What is the difference between isotype, allotype, and idotype?

A

Isotype- class of antibody (eg IgG or IgA)

Allotype - genetic differences in a molecule between members of the same species (IgG (A1) or IgG (A2))

Idiotype - unique differences between antibodies of different antigen binding specificities, determined by the variable region

39
Q

Describe gene recombination that leads to expression of different antibody types

A

Gene contains variable regions and constant regions

variable regions are linked with the appropriate constant regions by gene recombination and deletion of intervening sequences that are not required

Gene with variable region and constant region exon

RNA splicing removes introns

Translation to protein

40
Q

Naive B lymphocytes express what two classes of membrane bound antibodies that function as antigen receptors?

A

IgD and IgM

41
Q

What is affinity maturation?

A

Repeated exposure to a protein antigen results in the production of antibodies with increasing affinity for the antigen

42
Q

How do B and T cells enter the lymph node from the blood vessels

A

High endothelial venues (HEV) have receptors for cell-surface proteins of T and Bcells.

Bind receptors -> cell extravasate into the lymph node

43
Q

What occurs in the lymph node that leads to activation of Bcells?

A

dendritic cells present antigen on MHC to Th2 cells
Th2 cells produce cytokines - IL4, IL5, IL6, IL13
Bcells activated

44
Q

Bcells can function as antigen presenting cells. What is the process of antigen presentation and what co-receptors are involved?

A

Bcell phagocytose antigen bound to BCR

Antigen processed and presented on MHC II to a Tcell

CD4 of Th cell binds MHC II

CD28 (Tcell) bound to B7(Bcell)
CD40L (Tcell) bound to CD40 (Bcell)

45
Q

What cells are present in the germinal center of the lymph node

A

Dividing Bcells make up centroblast

Resting Bcells make up centrocytes

Follicular dendritic cells

Surrounded by Th cells

46
Q

What are produced from the germinal centers that leaves the lymph node in the efferent vessel?

A

Plamsa cells ->bone marrow

IgM excreted from plasma cells in the medullary cord (primary immune response)

47
Q

What are the effector mechanisms of antibodies for bacterial toxins?

A

Neutralization

Bacterial toxin wants to bind cell receptors

Antibody binds the toxin to prevent binding –> phagocytosis by macrophage

48
Q

What is the effector mechanism for bacteria in the extracellular space?

A

Opsonization

Antibodies bind bacteria
Macrophage binds Fc region of antibody –> phagocytosis

49
Q

What is the effector mechanism for antibodies against bacteria in plasma?

A

Complement activation

Antibody bound to bacteria and activates complement pathway

Ingestion and lysis

50
Q

How is diversity of variable regions of antibodies achieved?

A

Gene recombination
Somatic mutation
Gene conversion

51
Q

What are the two light chain loci, located on different chromosomes?

A

Kappa

Lambda

52
Q

How are unwanted genes deleted in gene recombination?

A

Looping out
Form a loop to bring desired genes together, recombinase cuts and joins ends.

Loop is excised and destroyed

53
Q

What the steps of gene recombination to leading to a compete light chain protein??

A

DNA rearrangement -> join V and J genes

Transcription -> mRNA

MRNA -> splice to remove introns (V, J, and C regions)

Translation -> protein

54
Q

Each B cell has _____ attempts to make a functional gene rearrangement

A

4

2 rearrangement with kappa chain

2 rearrangements with lambda chain

55
Q

The variable regions (CDR) of TCR are formed by __________________ . Bcells have 3 different CDR’s, CDR1 and CDR2 are generated by ___________ and CD3 is generated by __________

A

Gene conversion; somatic mutation, gene conversion

56
Q

How are Bcell somatic mutants selected?

A

Based on antigen affinity

Bcells that bind antigen strongly are stimulated while those that weakly bind undergo apoptosis

RUSVM Immunology (10 decks)

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