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RUSVM Immunology > Cancer And Immunomodulation > Flashcards

Cancer And Immunomodulation Flashcards

1
Q

_______________ induce tumor cells with identical new antigens while _____________ induce tumor cells with dissimilar new antigens

A

Oncogenes viruses, chemical carcinogens

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2
Q

_____________________ is the idea that tumors never really mature into life-threatening cancers because of immune mediated destruction of nascent malignancies

A

Immune surveillance

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3
Q

Normal cells contain what two types of genes that regulate DNA repair, cell death, and regulate cell division?

A

Tumor-suppressor genes

Protocol-oncogenes

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4
Q

Mutations in tumor suppressor genes and proto-oncogenes leads to production of ______________ that stimulates an immune response

A

Different proteins (antigens).

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5
Q

What three cell types participate in tumor cell destruction ?

A

Tcells
NKcells
Macrophage

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6
Q

Tcells release what cytokines to activate NKcells and how does this lead to tumor cell destruction?

A

IFNy
IL2

NK cells recognize lack of MHC
Produce perforins and grazymes leading to apoptosis

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7
Q

NK cells release what cytokines to activate macrophages and what role do macrophages play in tumor cell destruction?

A

IFNy

Phagocytosis

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8
Q

Transformed cells can have what three outcomes in relation to the immune system ?

A

Eliminated
equilibrium
Escape

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9
Q

How does the immune system eliminate transformed cells?

A

Immunosurveillance

Activation of CD4, CD8, NKcell, and Macrophages leading to apoptosis

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10
Q

What conditions leads to equilibrium of transformed cells with the immune system?

A

Genetics instability of the cells-> change antigens on surface

CD4 and CD8 cells along with INFy and IL12 work to recognize cells and apoptose some but when antigens change must recognize new antigen before it can kill it

Immune system cannot completely remove the transformed cells but works to keep them in check

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11
Q

How can transformed cells escape the immune system ?

A

Transformed cells produce immune system inhibitors (TGF-B,IDO, IL10, Galectin1) –> immunosuppression

Tumor cells grow freely without being attacked by the immune system

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12
Q

What are 4 important changes in the immune status of dogs with cancer?

A

Elevated white cell counts (increases as tumor progresses) => inflammation
Decrease in CD3+ and CD4+ cells => tumor induced immunosuppression
Increased TGF-B => immunosuppressive and stimulate angiogenesis

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13
Q

What are the main actions of TGF-B

A

Regulate Tcell and B cell activation/function
-> reduces proliferation

Regulate macrophages

Regulates cell proliferation, growth, differentiation, and motility

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14
Q

What is the purpose of immunopharmacology ?

A

To suppress or stimulate the immune response

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15
Q

What are 5 non-specific modes of immunosuppression

A 
Radiation
Corticosteroids 
Cyclophosphamide 
Methotrexate 
Azatiphrine
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16
Q

What non specific immunosuppression method targets DNA to induce mutations?

A

Radiation

17
Q

Cyclophosphamide and Azatiophrine both target DNA, to ________________ and to _______________, respectively

A

Suppress bone marrow

Inhibit synthesis of DNA and RNA

18
Q

__________________ targets dihydrofolate reductase to inhibit synthesis of thymine and purine nucleotides

A

Methotrexate

19
Q

How does use of corticosteroids suppress the immune system??

A

Corticosteroid binds receptor
-> complex activates transcription of IkBa

IkBa inhibits NF-kB

Reduce gene transcription and cytokine synthesis

20
Q

What are the 7 methods of selective immunosuppression?

A 
Cyclosporine 
Tracolimus 
Rapamycin 
Mycophenolate 
Leflunomide 
Antiserum 
Antibodies
21
Q

Cyclosporine and Tracolimus both target __________ to inhibit production of interleukins, IFNy, and TNFa

A

Cacineurin -> blocks transcription

22
Q

_______________ targets mTOR to block IL 2, 4, and 6

A

Rampamycin -> complex with mTOR to block signal transduction and cell cycle progression

23
Q

Antibodies target ___________ to inhibit the _________ immune response

A

CD32; humoral

24
Q

Mycophenolate and lefluonmide target DNA to ____________________ and _________________________, respectively

A

Prevent DNA synthesis (block Tand B cell proliferation )

Produce T regulatiory cells

25
Q

What are stimulators of the immune system

A 
Bacilli Calmette-Guerin 
Complex carbohydrates 
Levamisole 
Vitamins 
Cytokines
26
Q

How does Bacille Calmette-Cuerin stimulate the immune system?

A

Targets TLRs to enhance B and Tcell response

27
Q

How doe complex carbohydrates stimulate the immune system?

A

Activate macrophages

28
Q

How does Levasmisole stimulate the immune system?

A

Tcell differentiation

Increase cytokines and phagocytosis

29
Q

How do vitamins stimulate the immune system

A

Increase IL2 production
Increase antimicrobial capacity in macrophages
Increase lymphocyte proliferation

RUSVM Immunology (10 decks)

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