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RUSVM Immunology > Autoimmunity/ immunodeficiency > Flashcards

Autoimmunity/ immunodeficiency Flashcards

1
Q

___________________ results from self reactive B and T cells

A

Autoimmunity

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2
Q

How can a normal immune response lead to autoimmunity

A

Previously hidden antigens

  • > tissue damage leading to exposure of intracellular molecule s
  • > molecular structural alterations
  • > newly synthesized antigens

Molecular mimicry
-> microbe has similar antigens to self

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3
Q

How does an abnormal immune response lead to autoimmunity?

A

Failure of regulatory control

  • > failure of apoptosis
  • > viral infections - cytokine production leading to inflammatory and Tcell activation
  • > microchimerism (eg scleroderma in women with fetal cells)
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4
Q

How can cross reactions with self antigens lead to autoimmunity ?

A

Normally a Tcell does not bind a self antigen -> no activation of immune response

Foreign antigen that is similar to a self antigen is processed and presented to a Tcell -> which activates the B cell -> Bcell produces antibodies that are reactive against both foreign and self antigens

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5
Q

Viruses can activate an autoimmune response by what two pathways?

A

Molecular mimicry

Bystander activation

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6
Q

Describe molecular mimicry by virus lead to autoimmune response?

A

Virus coats itself in host self-antigens

Virus processed by APC -> self antigen is presented to Tcell

Leads to cross reaction

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7
Q

What is the bystander activation and how does it lead to autoimmunity?

A

An infection leads to Tcell production of cytokines

Cytokines cause activation of resting Tcells -> activated Tcells produce non specific activation of immune cells

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8
Q

What are predisposing factors to autoimmunity?

A 
Genetics
Breed
Internal microflora
Type 1 hypersensitivity -> milk allergy 
Type 2 hypersensitivity  
Type 3 hypersensitivity  
Type 4 hypersensitivity
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9
Q

Production of antibodies against triiodothyronine and thyroxine produces ___________

A

Autoimmune thyroiditis

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10
Q

An insulin depended diabetes mellitus can be due to antibodies against _______________________

A

Glutamic acid decarboxylase

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11
Q

A pemphigus foliacus on the surface of the skin is due to antibodies against _______________

A

Squamous cell desmosomes

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12
Q

A pemphigus vulgaris in the epidermis, superficial to the BM is due to antibodies against _____________

A

Desmosomes

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13
Q

A bulbous pemphigoid in the dermis, deep to the BM is due to antibodies against ________________

A

Type XVII collagen

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14
Q

What is the difference between extravascular and intravascular hemolysis?

A

Extravasular - antibody bound to RBC is bound by macrophage, phagocytosed and lied within the cell

Intravascular- antibody bound to RBC activates complement system and is lysed within the blood stream

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15
Q

What is the pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis?

How can it be treated

A

ACh receptors are destroyed preventing neurotransmitter transmission

Anticholinesterase drugs are used to prevent recycling of ACh -> ACh remains in neuromuscular junction -> enhancing signal transmission

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16
Q

What are the two most common autoimmune diseases?

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

Systemic lupus erythematosus

17
Q

During infection, genetics or defect in apoptosis leads to abnormalities in __________ cell which causes excessive B cell production of _____________

A

Tcells; antibodies

18
Q

In systemic lupis erythematosus, autoantibodies can be produced against?

A

Nucleic acids

Organ specific -RBC, muscle, skin

19
Q

What can lead to an abnormal immune response in joints?

A

Abnormal Ig glycosylation
Genetics
Infectious agents

20
Q

What T cell promotes inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis

A

Th17 cell

21
Q

Antibodies bind IgG, type II collagen, and glycosaminoglycans to form complexes which causes _______________ accumulation leading to tissue destruction of the joints

A

Neutrophil

Type III hypersensitivity

22
Q

_______________ is the impairment of part or parts of the immune system that renders the patients more susceptible to infectious disease

A

Immunodeficiency

23
Q

What are the two types of immunodeficiency ?

A

Primary-> mutation of a gene (inherited)

Secondary-> due to age, infection, medical therapy, or chronic disease (acquired)

24
Q

What signalments can be used to diagnose primary immunodeficiencies?

A

Breed
Occurring in young littermates
Chronic recurring infection/ infection in multiple body sites
Failure to respond to antibiotic therapy and vaccination
Infection by environmental saphrophytes (normally nonpathogenic)
Persistent lymphopenia

25
Q

What are the levels of primary immunodeficiency

A 
Pluripotent stem cells
Committed stem cells
Tcell development 
Bcell development 
Bcell maturation to plasma cell
Ig production 
Phagocyte production 
Complement production
26
Q

Severe combined immunodeficiency is a ____________ immunodeficiency caused by a deficit in?

A

Primary

TCR and BCR defects

27
Q

_____________ is characterized by a lack of T lymphocytes and poor development of hair coat

A

Thymic aplasia

Primary immunodeficiency

28
Q

How do zinc associated disorders lead to immunodeficiency?

A

Zinc is important in normal activity of T cells -> lymphocyte dysfunction

Eg Acrodermatitis in bull terriers

29
Q

A neutrophil disorder is a primary immunodeficiency that results from failure to produce?

A

Functional phagocytic cells

30
Q

What level of primary immunodeficicy is the worst and results in the death of an animal at a very young age?

A

Failure of pluripotent stem cells

31
Q

Selective immunoglobulin deficiency results from a low level of _______ resulting in mild-chronic recurring mucosal infections

A

IgA

32
Q

There is no complement activation in a _____ deficiency

A

C3

33
Q

Failure to regulate activation of the complement pathway is caused by _______ deficiency

A

Factor H

34
Q

Is primary or secondary immunodeficiency more common?

A

Secondary

35
Q

What can cause medical immunosuppression?

A 
Chemotherapy 
Immunosuppressive therapy (eg transplants)
36
Q

What infections can lead to secondary immunodeficiency ?

A

FIV or FeLV

Affect WBC- decreased function

37
Q

What is immunosenesence?

A

Gradual deterioration of the immune system due to old age

CD4 Tcells decrease -> decreased triggering of immune response

CD8 Tcells increase

Susceptible to infection and autoimmune disease, and neoplasia

RUSVM Immunology (10 decks)

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