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My Geography > HUMAN - Tourism > Flashcards

HUMAN - Tourism Flashcards

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1
Q

What is tourism?`

A

Tourism is activities that require travel away from home and staying away for at least 1 night, or activities away from home done for recreational purposes eg going on holiday to a foreign country, going to a National Park for a day, going to the seaside

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2
Q

The top 6 tourist destinations?

A

China, USA, Spain, France, UK and Italy

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3
Q

Domestic Tourism

A

Going on holiday within ones own country eg Manchester to London

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4
Q

International Tourism

A

Going on holiday abroad eg UK TO USA

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5
Q

Some of the reasons why tourism has increased?`

A
  • More disposable income
  • Faster flights
  • Increased advertising
  • Package holidays
  • Jobs including travel
  • More attractions
  • Times of the year like spring break
  • Holidays for everyone
  • More people with good pensions
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6
Q

Social reasons for an increase in tourism?

A
  • Higher wages and disposable income
  • More paid holiday time (4 weeks in the UK)
  • Double income
  • Higher life expectancy
  • Holiday prices reduces eg budget airlines
  • Successful careers
  • Lifestyle desires
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7
Q

Technological reasons for an increase in tourism?

A
  • Car ownership
  • Development of aircrafts, can fly further than before
  • Online booking reduicng high street agents
  • Advertising increases
  • Internet expands knowlage and therefore a decrease in fear
    *
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8
Q

Why does tourism have a multiplyer effect?

A

It encourages the growth of services and other businesses and this has a far reaching economic impact

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9
Q

Give some examples of businesses than benefit from toursim

A
  • Shopping places
  • Restaurants
  • Hotels
  • Travel services (planes, taxis, coaches)
  • Food and drink places
  • The entertainment industry
  • Communication
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10
Q

How does tourism effect MEDC’s economy?

A

MEDC’S have abroad and balancs economy and tourism is just 1 part that contributes towards it

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11
Q

How does tourism effect LEDC’S economy?

A
  • LEDC’S have greater reliance on tourism
  • It is a way of diversifying the economy away from cash crop production like sugar cane/bananas
  • For many it has now become the main export earner eg Barbados has an 80% national income from tourism
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12
Q

How does tourism effect countries?

A
  • It increases the number and variety of service sector jobs
  • Give support from local industry (construction, food industry and handcrafts)
  • Increases in local and goverment tax revenue
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13
Q

GDP

A

Gross Domestic Product

Total values of goods and services produced by a coutry in 1 year

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14
Q

Benefits of tourism in poorer countries?

A
  • Many people are employed to work in tourist areas eg Barbados - 30% of people work in these jobs
  • Tourists spend £,$ or € which is essential in other countries as it can be used to buy goods and services from abroad
  • Government tax visitors help pay for extra services eg water, drainage, electricity
  • Multiplyer effect as extra jobs are created indirectly
  • Many (small) businesses serve tourists eg taxis, bars, builders and maintanence workers
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15
Q

What are some of the appeals of cities?

A
  • Atmosphere
  • Urbanised
  • Multicultural
  • Shopping, markets
  • Food (possibly of the country)
  • Sports arenas eg Olympic park, old trafford
  • Many main businesses are situated there eg big supermarkets
  • Historical times eg Imperial War Museum
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16
Q

Explain the attraction of tourism in costal areas, and name some of the negative effects?

A
  1. Winter beach holidays (eg to Carrabien)
  2. Sun, Sea, Sand
  3. Climate
  4. Costal resorts
  • Cultures **devalued
  • Beaches may be ruined eg by litter
  • Overcrowding
  • Possible water pollution
  • Disrupting the locals
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17
Q

Explain the attraction of tourism in mountainous areas, and name some of the negative effects

A
  1. Scenery eg in the Alps and Rockies
  2. Snow and scenery
  3. Snow can be guarenteed
  4. Different environment than usual
  5. Ideal place for walking
  • Seasonal
  • May destroy or scare wildlife
  • Natural beauty may be destroyed
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18
Q

Explain he attraction of tourism in cities, and name some of the negative effects?

A
  1. Multicultural
  2. Nice atmospere
  3. Historical buildings (palaces, public buildings, religeous, defensive)
  4. Major events eg Olympics (entertainment, historical, international, cultuaral, sporting)
  5. Uniqueness eg Venice canals
  6. Recent creations (museums, bridges, opera houses)
  • Pollution
  • Traffic
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19
Q

Some of the most vistied countries (long haul destinations - commonwealth) from the UK?

A

Usa, India, Canada, Austrailia, United Arab Emirates, Egypt, China, South Africa, Pakestan, Thailand

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20
Q

What is the Butler Tourist resort life-cycle model?

A
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21
Q

The Butlers life-cycle model: Exploration

A

Small numbers of visitors are attracted to the area (eg by scenery or culture)

There aren’t many tourist facilities

22
Q

The Butlers life-cycle model: Involvement

A

Local people start providing facilities for the tourists, which attracts more visitors

23
Q

The Butlers life-cycle model: Development

A

More and more visitors come as more facilities are built. Control of tourism in the area passes from locals to big companies

24
Q

The Butlers life-cycle model: Consolidation

A

Tourism is still a big part of the local economy, but tourist numbers and beginning to level off

25
Q

The Butlers life-cycle model: Stagntion

A

Visitor numbers have peaked.

Facilities are no longer as good and tourists have had a negative impact on the local environment, making the area less attractive to visit

26
Q

The Butlers life-cycle model: Decline or Rejuvenation?

A
  1. Rejuvination - If the area is rejuvinated then more visitors will come as they’re attracted by the new facilities
  2. Decline - fewer visitors come as the area is less attractive. This leads to decline of the area as facilities shut or become run-down
27
Q

Which case study do we use for tourism?

A

Blackpool, UK

28
Q

External factors affecting visitor numbers: Climate

A
  • A spate of bad weather = decrease in international tourism
  • Hot summers = increase in domestic tourism
29
Q

External factors affecting visitor numbers: Terrorism

A
  • eg 9/11 = increased security checks
  • eg London 7/7/5 or Lockobie bombings = fear, relucatant to travel to/from the UK
  • = decrease in international tourists
30
Q

External factors affecting visitor numbers: Exchange Rates

A
  • because of this, it encouraged people to stay in england
  • foreign visitors get more for their money
31
Q

External factors affecting visitor numbers: Banking crisis

A
  • 2008-present, recession therefore people have less money to spend
  • this rediced holifays until the situation improves
32
Q

Mass Tourism

A

A form of tourism that involved tens of thousands of people going to the same resort often at the same time

it is the most popular form of tourism as it is often the cheapest way to holiday, often on package holidays with accomodation and trevel included

33
Q

Typical features of mass tourist destinations?

A
  • Lots of hotels
  • Airports
  • Restaurants
  • Beaches
  • Entertainment
  • Enlarged harbours
  • Taxis
34
Q

Economic gains of mass tourism?

A
  • Agriculture
  • New oppourtunities from great increase in number and variety of service occupations
  • Money

Increases size of domestic economy

  • Jobs (more job oppourtunities)

Low income jobs converted to provide better living

  • **Infastructure **

new infastructure eg airports, roads which asist other industries

  • Good earner of foreign exchange
35
Q

Environmental gains of mass tourism?

A
  • Kenya - people protect wildlife
  • Entrance fees pay for restoration
  • Greater awareneed of need for protection
36
Q

Environmental losses of mass tourism?

A
  • Litter
  • Pollution (noise, litter)
  • Disrespectful people - destroy landscape
  • Traffic conjestion
  • Overcrowding (habitats destroyed)
  • Land used up by hotels (deforestation)
37
Q

Economic losses of mass tourism?

A
  • Tourists may use expensive resources eg electricity
  • Rise and fall in popularity (seasonal?)
  • Not all money goes towards the resorts

Region/country may not recieve all of the money paid by the tourists

  • Low income jobs (seasonal)

Some people eg farmers and fishermed may loose their livelihood, also some jobs may go to outsiders for example if they speak English

38
Q

Why do tourists go to Kenya?

A
  • **Natural resources: **year round hot climate, sandy beaches, coral reefs and wildlife reserves (SAFARIS)
  • **Man-made resources: **well developed infastructure and interesting diversity of cultures such as Masai Mara

Most tourist mix a beach holiday in Mombassa with a short safari or game drive

39
Q

Advantages of tourism in Kenya?

A
  • **Provides jobs **for local people
  • Helps develop infastructure
  • Different cultures exposed
  • Increases economy
  • May help certain areas come out of poverty
40
Q

Disadvantages of tourism in Kenya?

A
  • Natural beauty destroyed
  • **Conflict **between tribes and government
  • Disturbance of wildlife
  • Many low income jobs (seasonal)
  • Large % of the money doesnt go to the country
    *
41
Q

Ecotourism

A

Involves protecting the environment and the way of life of local people (ensuring it is sustainable)

42
Q

Environmental benefits of ecotourism?

A
  • Local people are encouraged to conserve the environment rather than use it for activities that can be damaging (eg logging or farming). This is because they can only earn money from ecotourism if the environment isn’t damaged
  • It reduces poaching and hinting of endangered species, since locals will benefit more from protecting these species for tourism than if they killed them
  • Ecotourism projects try to reduce the use of fossil fiels (eg by using renewable energy sources and local food - which isnt transported as far so less fossil fuel is used). Using less fossil fuel is better for the environment as buring fossil fuels adds to global warming
  • Waste that tourists create is disposed of carefully to prevent pollution
43
Q

Economic benefits of ecotourism?

A

Ecotourism creates jobs for local people (eg as guides or in tourist lodges), which helps the local economy grow

Local people not directly employed in tourism can also make money by selling local crafts to visitors or supplying industry with goods (eg food)

44
Q

Benefits for local people of ecotourism?

A

People have better ad more stable incomes in ecotourism than in other jobs (eg farming)

Many ecotourism schemes fund community projects (eg schools, water tanks and health centres)

45
Q

What does ecotourism do?

A
  • Environmentally sound

Natural environments and wildlife safeguarded

  • Socially sound

Considers the need of, and involves, local comunities

  • Sustainable

Looking after todays tourist needs, so it does not damage those of future generations

46
Q

How can tourism be managed sustainably?

A

Planning controls, ecotourism, conversation, sustainable tourism

47
Q

Extreme tourism, Extreme environment and examples?

A

Tourism within an extreme environment, where he development of tourism has only recently occured due to a niche market demand for somewhere different with physical challanges

A place which has conditions that people don’t usually live in

  • Locations with particually dificult environments
  • Dangerous landscapes with difficult climates
  • Sparsely population/unsettles. ‘emptiness’, a wilderness
  • Limited accessability

Amazon rainforest, Sahara desert, Ice sheets (ice diving in the white sea), Hiking in Nepal, Cliff diving in Jamaica

48
Q

Who is the target market for extreme tourism?

A

(Economically) active people

49
Q

Why are extreme environments attractive?

A

Differ from the norm, people usually havent experienced places like them

50
Q

Typical tourists in extreme tourism?

A

**DINKS - **dual income no kids

Fit, no children, adrenaline junkies, extremists

  • Adventurous people looking for a challange, often around 30 with no children, often high power jobs (above average income)

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