HUMAN - Population Flashcards
What is population density?
The number of people per square km (average)
What are the problems that will occur with a rapidly rising population?
- Resources will run out
- Improved and increasing medical care
- Run out of housing
- Increaed pollution
- Disease will spread quickly
- Not enough food
- Effect the economy
What is the calculation for measuring population density?
Total population
Total land area in km²
What does working out the population density show?
Whether an area is densley or sparsley populated
Factors affecting population density: Factors encouraging settlement?
- Climate
- Job oppourtunities
- Rural/Urban reference
- Good education systems
- Fertile soil
- Flat terrain
- Good supplies of natural resources
Factors affecting population density: Factors discouraging settlement
- Bad terrain
- Pollution
- Social problems
- Cost of living
- Noise
- Unattractive scenery
- Customs & culture
- Lack of resources
- Extreme climated
Factors affecting population density: anagram?
SEEP
Social, Environmental, Economical and Political
What are the changes in population influenced by?
Birth rate, death rate and migration into or out of the area
What is birth rate?
The number of babies born per 1,000 people per year
What is the death rate?
The number of deaths per 1,000 people per year
What is migration?
Movement of people between countries
What is immigration?
The number of people entering a country
What is emmigration?
The number of people leaving a country
How has the worlds population grown? And what does this mean?
Exponentially
This means that the rate of growth has become increasingly rapid
Not only is the population increasing but the rte of increase is becoming greater
What is zero growth?
A population inbalance, BR is equal to DR so there is no increase or decrease
What is a natural increase in population?
When the BR exceeds the DR (more babies born that people dying)
What is a natural decrease in population?
When the DR exceeds the BR (more deaths than babies born)
What is natural change?
The difference between the BR and DR - expressed as a percentage
What is life expectancy?
The number of years a person is expected to live, usually taken from birth
How is population growth usually shown?
As a line graph
Why do countries nowadays have a lower birth rate?
- Better health care
- More supplies
- Having many people under the ages of 15 reduces the chance of death
- DR in countries at further stages of development is slightly higher because the population is older
What is a better indicator of development?
birth rate
Factors affecting birth rate?
- Jobs and wages
- Religion
- High infant mortality
- Education
- Stable family
- Marriage age
- Abortion
- Whether people have a house or not
- Government policy eg China
- Avaliability of contraception
- Tradiction and culture
- Medical care avaliable
Factors affecting death rate?
- Natural disasters
- Illness/disease
- Cost of living
- Medical care
- Genocide
- Lifestyle
- Life expectancy
- Supplies
- Wars (etc)
- Climate
What is exponential growth?
A pattern where the growth rate contsantly increases, often shown as a J shaped curve
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Issues from population growth in developing countries: In rural area
Environmental:
- Overgrazing & over cultivation
- Water, land & air pollution
- Deforestation, land degradation, soil erosion & desertification
- Shortage of clean water supplies
Social:
- Lack of basic public services (sanitation, electricity, schools, clinics)
Factors affecting population density: In urban areas
Evironmental:
- Overcrowding & the growing pf shanty towns
- Water, land and air pollution
Social:
- Traffic congestion
- Inadequate public services
Factors affecting population density: In the country as a whole
Environmental:
- Shortages of water, food and raw material
Social:
- Low living standards and rising culture
- Tension between different tribes and races
Economic:
- Unemployment and underemployment
- Lack of money for basic health care and schooling
- Economy burdened by huge international debts
Political:
- Unstable governments and political groups
What is desertification?
Where land is turned into a desert as a reult of human activities, although climate hazards such as low rain-fall can make it worse
Causes of desertification due to non-sustainable human activites?
What is being done about desertification?
Many governments in LEDC’s how recognise high BR as a problem and have family planning and population policies in place
These policies vary from persuasion and incentives to strict laws reinforced by severe punishments
Major factors affecting population growth?
- Agricultural change
- Urbanisation
- Education
- Emancipation of women
Major factors affecting population growth: Agricultural change
- Frees some workers for industry, more rapid economic growth
↓↑
- Technology improves yields and saves labour
- In the industrial revolution in the UK, bigger work forces needed so people has larger families. Soon technology advances reduced need for labour, making smaller families desirable
Major factors affecting population growth: Urbanisation
- Childrens labour is less valuable than in rural areas
- Sekk better educationa; oppourtunities
- Rural-to-urban migration common in poorer countries as theres believed to be better oppourtuities in the city
Major factors affecting population growth: Education
- Improved standards of living
- AS levels of educational achievement increase
- Children become an economic disadvantage
- Fewer children means parents have more money to be spent on each one, gives them better future choices
- Many parents in poorer countries see education as their childrens best chance in life
Major factors affecting population growth: Emancipation of women
- Equality is increased
- Prejudice against women holding more senior positions at work has reduced
- Women put off having children or don’t have them because there are many oppourtunities, this increases as the economy develops
- Oppourtunities for girls
What is population structure?
The population (of a country, city or area) broken down into age and gender
We can represent population by using a population pyramid
Key for population pyramids: ↘
Slope of pyramid indicate the death rate
Key for population pyramids: ↔
Width of the base is related to the birth rate/fertility rate
Key of population pyramids: →
Proportions of men and women can suggest male or female migrations
Key for population pyramids: ↕
Height of graph can indicate life expectancy, you would ignore the very thin end of the wedge, which is on the LEDC graph as it is a very small minority
Key for population pyramids: dash version of ↗
‘kinks’ indicate dramatic reductions in BR or increases in DR in the past
Key for population pyramids: ▉
The area of graph indicates the total population - compare areas of different population age group of difference sex on one graph
Population pyramids: what does the horizontal axis show?
numbers/percentage of the population
Population pyramids: what does the central vertical axis show?
Age categories
